Niobium Rhodium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb
Rh
Group Number
5
13
9
9
Period Number
5
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440031
99+
7440166
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
229.00
1
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
- Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
William Hyde Wollaston
Discovery
In 1801
In 1804
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
6 * 10-8 %
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.0000002 %
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
35
0.00 %
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
25
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
- It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
NA
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
Not Available
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C
6
1,966.00 °C
12
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C
99+
3,727.00 °C
17
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa
14
980.00 MPa
9
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa
12
1,100.00 MPa
9
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s
21
4,700.00 m/s
15
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
84.00 %
4
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb
Rh
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
16
23
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60
23
2.28
3
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42
16
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
1.45
16
Allen Electronegativity
1.41
31
1.56
24
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40
31
1.72
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
719.70 kJ/mol
29
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,740.00 kJ/mol
26
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,997.00 kJ/mol
27
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
Not Available
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
1.28 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV
18
4.98 eV
6
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41
99+
45
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Kr] 4d8 5s1
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Rhodium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
41
99+
45
99+
Number of Neutrons
52
99+
58
99+
Number of Electrons
41
99+
45
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm
35
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm
28
142.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu
99+
102.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)
8
64.00 (-eV)
22
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm
99+
380.34 pm
27
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3
99+
12.41 g/cm3
28
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
10.70 g/cm3
14
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
951.00 MPa
5
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
0.02 (Pa)
19
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa
19
150.00 GPa
6
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa
10
275.00 GPa
5
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa
20
380.00 GPa
5
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
0.26
22
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.57
37
12.41
20
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m
23
43.30 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
0.21 106/cm Ω
8
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol
12
109.70 kJ/mol
7
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
0.24 J/(kg K)
22
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
24.98 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K
29
150.00 W/m·K
9
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
8.20 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol
4
495.40 kJ/mol
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol
6
21.76 kJ/mol
10
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol
4
556.50 kJ/mol
12
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
31.50 J/mol.K
99+
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