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Niobium vs Silver

Niobium
Silver
Silver vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb  
Ag  
Group Number
5  
13
11  
7
Period Number
5  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440031  
99+
7440224  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • It is the most reflective element.
  • Silver is the second most ductile metal after Gold.
  • It is also used in Dentistry as a dental alloys for clips and crowning.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett  
-  
Discovery
In 1801  
Before 5000 BC  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
19
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • Silver is mainly used for Jewelry and show piece.
  • It is used for manufacturing high quality mirrors due to its reflectivity property.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
29
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.44 p.p.m.  
24
Physical
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C  
6
961.93 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C  
99+
2,212.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa  
15
251.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa  
19
229.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s  
31
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.30  
8
0.16  
99+
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
97.00 %  
1
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Nb  
Ag  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
36  
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60  
24
1.93  
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42  
20
1.83  
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.60  
22
1.47  
28
Allen Electronegativity
1.41  
35
1.87  
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40  
31
2.07  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
27
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,070.00 kJ/mol  
11
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,361.00 kJ/mol  
19
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
10
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
24
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
39
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
33
8th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
31
9th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
27
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
32
11th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
31
12th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
25
14th Energy Level
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
73,100.00 kJ/mol  
22
16th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
73,100.00 kJ/mol  
17
17th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
38
18th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
7,310.00 kJ/mol  
28
19th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
35
20th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
731.00 kJ/mol  
29
21st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
731.00 kJ/mol  
23
23rd Energy Level
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
731.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
25th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
26th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
27th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
731.00 kJ/mol  
21
28th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
731.00 kJ/mol  
27
29th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
731.00 kJ/mol  
28
30th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
731.00 kJ/mol  
22
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
4.02 g/amp-hr  
7
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
4.26 eV  
27
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
41  
99+
47  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
[Kr] 4d10 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Silver.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41  
99+
47  
99+
Number of Neutrons
52  
99+
61  
99+
Number of Electrons
41  
99+
47  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm  
37
144.00 pm  
38
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm  
30
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
172.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu  
99+
107.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
10.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Palladium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Cadmium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)  
8
11.40 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm  
99+
408.53 pm  
23
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.47  
99+
1.59  
26
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
10.49 g/cm3  
37
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
170.00 MPa  
21
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
14
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa  
20
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa  
10
100.00 GPa  
16
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa  
22
83.00 GPa  
25
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57  
99+
10.50  
39
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
4
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
32
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
15.87 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
0.63 106/cm Ω  
1
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
125.60 kJ/mol  
5
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
0.24 J/(kg K)  
25
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
25.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K  
29
429.00 W/m·K  
1
Critical Temperature
2,750.00 K  
7
1,235.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
18.90 µm/(m·K)  
25
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
255.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
11.30 kJ/mol  
37
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
284.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
42.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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