1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.5 Period Number
1.7 Block
1.8 Element Family
Post-Transition
Post-Transition
1.9 CAS Number
74400867440746
7429905
54386242
2.2 Space Group Name
2.3 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
3.2 Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Mining, Ores of metals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
3.5.1 Abundance In Meteorites
3.6.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.7.2 Abundance In Oceans
3.7.4 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
4.2.5 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
254.00 °C156.61 °C
27
3410
5.2 Boiling Point
962.00 °C2,000.00 °C
147
5660
5.4 Appearance
5.4.1 Physical State
5.4.2 Color
5.4.3 Luster
5.5 Hardness
5.5.1 Mohs Hardness
6.1.2 Brinell Hardness
6.1.5 Vickers Hardness
6.2 Speed of Sound
6.4 Optical Properties
6.4.1 Refractive Index
6.4.2 Reflectivity
6.5 Allotropes
6.5.1 α Allotropes
6.5.2 β Allotropes
6.5.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.1 Known Isotopes
7.3 Electronegativity
7.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
7.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.1.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.2.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.2.2 Allen Electronegativity
8.4 Electropositivity
8.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.6 Ionization Energies
8.6.1 1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.6.2 2nd Energy Level
NA1,820.70 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.7.1 3rd Energy Level
NA2,704.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.8.2 4th Energy Level
NA5,210.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.8.3 5th Energy Level
8.8.5 6th Energy Level
8.8.6 7th Energy level
8.8.8 8th Energy Level
8.9.1 9th Energy Level
8.9.2 10th Energy Level
8.9.3 11th Energy Level
8.9.4 12th Energy Level
8.9.5 13th Energy Level
8.9.6 14th Energy Level
8.9.7 15th Energy Level
8.9.8 16th Energy Level
8.9.9 17th Energy Level
8.9.10 18th Energy Level
8.9.11 19th Energy Level
8.9.12 20th Energy Level
8.9.13 21st Energy Level
8.9.14 22nd Energy Level
8.9.15 23rd Energy Level
8.9.16 24th Energy Level
8.9.17 25th Energy Level
8.9.18 26th Energy Level
8.9.19 27th Energy Level
8.9.20 28th Energy Level
8.9.21 29th Energy Level
8.9.22 30th Energy Level
8.10 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr1.43 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
8.11 Electron Work Function
8.12 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
9 Atomic
9.1 Atomic Number
9.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
9.3 Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Tetragonal (TETR)
9.3.1 Crystal Lattice
9.4 Atom
9.4.1 Number of Protons
9.4.2 Number of Neutrons
9.4.3 Number of Electrons
9.5 Radius of an Atom
9.5.1 Atomic Radius
168.00 pm167.00 pm
112
265
9.5.2 Covalent Radius
140.00 pm142.00 pm
96
260
9.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm193.00 pm
139
348
9.6 Atomic Weight
209.00 amu114.82 amu
6.94
294
9.7 Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol15.70 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
9.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
9.8.1 Previous Element
9.8.2 Next Element
9.9 Valence Electron Potential
9.10 Lattice Constant
335.90 pm325.23 pm
228.58
891.25
9.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
9.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
10 Mechanical
10.1 Density
10.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm37.31 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
10.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm37.02 g/cm3
0.512
20
10.2 Tensile Strength
10.3 Viscosity
10.4 Vapor Pressure
10.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
10.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
10.5 Elasticity properties
10.5.1 Shear Modulus
10.5.2 Bulk Modulus
10.5.3 Young's Modulus
10.6 Poisson Ratio
10.7 Other Mechanical Properties
11 Magnetic
11.1 Magnetic Characteristics
11.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
11.1.3 Permeability
11.1.4 Susceptibility
11.2 Electrical Properties
11.2.1 Electrical Property
11.2.2 Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m83.70 nΩ·m
0.18
961
11.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.12 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
11.2.4 Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol28.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
12 Thermal
12.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
12.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K26.74 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
12.3 Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K81.80 W/m·K
6.3
429
12.4 Critical Temperature
12.5 Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)32.10 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
12.6 Enthalpy
12.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol226.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
12.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol3.28 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
12.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol242.70 kJ/mol
61.5
837
12.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA57.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1