1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
Post-Transition
Lanthanide
1.7 CAS Number
74400867440008
7429905
54386242
1.8 Space Group Name
1.9 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- Neodymium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Neodymium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
2.2 Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Carl Auer von Welsbach
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.5.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.0000003 %
1E-08
0.1
3.1.2 Abundance In Meteorites
3.1.6 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.2.3 Abundance In Oceans
3.2.5 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- Neodymium-Iron-boron alloy is used to make permanent magnets.
- It is used in microphones, Mp3 player, loudspeakers, mobile phones, etc.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
4.2.7 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
254.00 °C1,010.00 °C
27
3410
6.3 Boiling Point
962.00 °C3,127.00 °C
147
5660
6.5 Appearance
6.5.1 Physical State
6.5.2 Color
6.5.3 Luster
6.6 Hardness
6.6.1 Mohs Hardness
6.7.1 Brinell Hardness
6.9.1 Vickers Hardness
6.11 Speed of Sound
6.13 Optical Properties
6.13.1 Refractive Index
7.1.1 Reflectivity
7.2 Allotropes
7.2.1 α Allotropes
7.2.2 β Allotropes
7.2.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.7 Electronegativity
8.7.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.7.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.7.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.8.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.8.3 Allen Electronegativity
8.9 Electropositivity
8.9.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.11 Ionization Energies
8.11.1 1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol533.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.11.2 2nd Energy Level
NA1,040.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.12.1 3rd Energy Level
NA2,130.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.14.1 4th Energy Level
NA3,900.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.15.1 5th Energy Level
8.15.2 6th Energy Level
8.17.1 7th Energy level
9.1.2 8th Energy Level
9.1.4 9th Energy Level
9.1.5 10th Energy Level
9.2.1 11th Energy Level
9.3.1 12th Energy Level
9.4.2 13th Energy Level
9.4.4 14th Energy Level
9.5.2 15th Energy Level
9.5.3 16th Energy Level
9.5.5 17th Energy Level
9.5.6 18th Energy Level
9.5.8 19th Energy Level
9.6.1 20th Energy Level
9.6.2 21st Energy Level
10.1.2 22nd Energy Level
10.1.5 23rd Energy Level
10.1.6 24th Energy Level
10.1.8 25th Energy Level
10.2.3 26th Energy Level
10.2.4 27th Energy Level
10.2.6 28th Energy Level
10.2.7 29th Energy Level
10.2.9 30th Energy Level
10.3 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr1.79 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
11.2 Electron Work Function
11.4 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization
12 Atomic
12.1 Atomic Number
12.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Xe] 4f4 6s2
12.4 Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
12.4.1 Crystal Lattice
12.5 Atom
12.5.1 Number of Protons
12.6.1 Number of Neutrons
12.7.1 Number of Electrons
12.9 Radius of an Atom
12.9.1 Atomic Radius
168.00 pm181.00 pm
112
265
12.9.2 Covalent Radius
140.00 pm201.00 pm
96
260
12.9.4 Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm229.00 pm
139
348
12.10 Atomic Weight
209.00 amu144.24 amu
6.94
294
12.11 Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol20.60 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
12.13 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
12.13.1 Previous Element
12.13.2 Next Element
12.14 Valence Electron Potential
12.15 Lattice Constant
335.90 pm365.80 pm
228.58
891.25
12.16 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
12.17 Lattice C/A Ratio
13 Mechanical
13.1 Density
13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm37.01 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
13.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm36.89 g/cm3
0.512
20
13.2 Tensile Strength
13.3 Viscosity
13.4 Vapor Pressure
13.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
13.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NA101.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
13.5 Elasticity properties
13.5.1 Shear Modulus
13.5.2 Bulk Modulus
13.5.3 Young's Modulus
13.6 Poisson Ratio
13.7 Other Mechanical Properties
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
14.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
14.1.3 Permeability
14.1.4 Susceptibility
14.2 Electrical Properties
14.2.1 Electrical Property
14.2.2 Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m643.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
14.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
14.2.4 Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K27.45 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
15.3 Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K16.50 W/m·K
6.3
429
15.4 Critical Temperature
15.5 Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)9.60 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
15.6 Enthalpy
15.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol273.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
15.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol7.14 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
15.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol322.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
15.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA71.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1