1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
1.6 CAS Number
74400867440177
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
2.2 Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Obtained from Lithium Production.
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.000003 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
NA
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Research Purposes
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-32.49 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.5.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
254.00 °C38.89 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
962.00 °C688.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
4.7.2 β Allotropes
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
NA2,633.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
NA3,860.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA5,080.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA6,850.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA8,140.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA9,570.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NA13,120.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NA14,500.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NA26,740.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
1.2.1 29th Energy Level
1.2.2 30th Energy Level
1.4 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr3.19 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
1.8 Electron Work Function
1.11 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
2 Atomic
2.1 Atomic Number
3.4 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Kr] 5s1
3.5 Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
3.5.2 Crystal Lattice
3.6 Atom
3.7.1 Number of Protons
3.7.4 Number of Neutrons
3.7.6 Number of Electrons
3.8 Radius of an Atom
3.8.1 Atomic Radius
168.00 pm248.00 pm
112
265
3.8.3 Covalent Radius
140.00 pm220.00 pm
96
260
3.8.4 Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm303.00 pm
139
348
3.9 Atomic Weight
209.00 amu85.47 amu
6.94
294
4.3 Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol55.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
4.4 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
4.4.1 Previous Element
4.4.2 Next Element
4.5 Valence Electron Potential
5.2 Lattice Constant
335.90 pm558.50 pm
228.58
891.25
5.4 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
5.5 Lattice C/A Ratio
6 Mechanical
6.1 Density
6.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm31.53 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
6.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm31.46 g/cm3
0.512
20
6.2 Tensile Strength
6.3 Viscosity
6.4 Vapor Pressure
6.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
6.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
6.7 Elasticity properties
6.7.1 Shear Modulus
6.7.3 Bulk Modulus
7.2.2 Young's Modulus
7.4 Poisson Ratio
7.5 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
8.1.4 Permeability
8.1.6 Susceptibility
8.3 Electrical Properties
8.3.1 Electrical Property
8.3.2 Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m128.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.4.2 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.4.5 Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol46.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.36 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K31.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K58.20 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)90.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol69.20 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol2.19 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.5 Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol82.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA76.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1