1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
2.2 Period Number
2.4 Block
2.5 Element Family
Post-Transition
Alkaline Earth
2.6 CAS Number
74400867440246
7429905
54386242
2.7 Space Group Name
2.8 Space Group Number
4 Facts
4.1 Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- Strontium element is softer than Calcium.
- Silvery Strontium turns yellow, if exposed to air.
4.2 Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
4.3 History
4.3.1 Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
William Cruickshank
4.3.2 Discovery
4.4 Abundance
4.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4.5.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.000005 %
1E-08
0.1
4.7.2 Abundance In Meteorites
4.7.5 Abundance In Earth's Crust
4.7.7 Abundance In Oceans
4.7.10 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- Strontium metal is used to producing ferrite magnets as well as refining zinc.
-
By-product of nuclear reactors called Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope; it is absorbed by tissues and destroys bone marrow and cancer growth.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
5.1.3 Other Uses
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.03 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
5.3.3 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.140.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
254.00 °C769.00 °C
27
3410
7.3 Boiling Point
962.00 °C1,384.00 °C
147
5660
7.5 Appearance
7.5.1 Physical State
7.5.2 Color
7.5.4 Luster
7.6 Hardness
7.6.1 Mohs Hardness
7.6.4 Brinell Hardness
7.6.6 Vickers Hardness
7.7 Speed of Sound
7.8 Optical Properties
7.8.1 Refractive Index
7.8.3 Reflectivity
7.9 Allotropes
7.9.1 α Allotropes
7.9.2 β Allotropes
7.9.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.5 Electronegativity
8.5.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.5.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.5.7 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.5.9 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.5.11 Allen Electronegativity
8.6 Electropositivity
8.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.8 Ionization Energies
8.8.1 1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol549.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.8.3 2nd Energy Level
NA1,064.20 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.9.2 3rd Energy Level
NA4,138.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.1.1 4th Energy Level
NA5,500.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.4.2 5th Energy Level
NA6,910.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
9.4.4 6th Energy Level
NA8,760.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
9.4.6 7th Energy level
NA10,230.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
9.4.8 8th Energy Level
NA11,800.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
9.4.11 9th Energy Level
NA15,600.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
9.5.3 10th Energy Level
NA17,100.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
9.5.4 11th Energy Level
NA31,270.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
9.5.7 12th Energy Level
9.6.1 13th Energy Level
9.6.3 14th Energy Level
9.7.2 15th Energy Level
9.7.3 16th Energy Level
9.9.2 17th Energy Level
9.10.2 18th Energy Level
9.12.1 19th Energy Level
9.12.2 20th Energy Level
10.1.5 21st Energy Level
10.2.2 22nd Energy Level
10.4.3 23rd Energy Level
10.4.5 24th Energy Level
10.5.2 25th Energy Level
10.5.5 26th Energy Level
10.5.8 27th Energy Level
10.6.1 28th Energy Level
10.7.1 29th Energy Level
11.2.3 30th Energy Level
11.3 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr1.64 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
12.2 Electron Work Function
12.6 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
13 Atomic
13.1 Atomic Number
13.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Kr] 5s2
13.3 Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
13.3.1 Crystal Lattice
13.4 Atom
13.4.1 Number of Protons
13.4.3 Number of Neutrons
14.2.2 Number of Electrons
14.4 Radius of an Atom
14.4.1 Atomic Radius
168.00 pm215.00 pm
112
265
14.4.3 Covalent Radius
140.00 pm195.00 pm
96
260
14.6.1 Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm249.00 pm
139
348
14.8 Atomic Weight
209.00 amu87.62 amu
6.94
294
14.11 Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol33.70 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
14.14 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
14.14.1 Previous Element
14.14.2 Next Element
14.15 Valence Electron Potential
14.18 Lattice Constant
335.90 pm608.49 pm
228.58
891.25
14.21 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
14.22 Lattice C/A Ratio
16 Mechanical
16.1 Density
16.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm32.64 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
16.1.4 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm32.38 g/cm3
0.512
20
16.3 Tensile Strength
16.5 Viscosity
16.7 Vapor Pressure
16.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA121.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
16.8.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
16.9 Elasticity properties
16.9.1 Shear Modulus
16.10.2 Bulk Modulus
16.10.4 Young's Modulus
16.11 Poisson Ratio
16.12 Other Mechanical Properties
17 Magnetic
17.1 Magnetic Characteristics
17.1.1 Specific Gravity
17.2.1 Magnetic Ordering
17.2.2 Permeability
18.1.2 Susceptibility
18.2 Electrical Properties
18.2.1 Electrical Property
18.2.2 Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m132.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
18.2.5 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
18.3.3 Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol5.03 kJ/mol
0
222.8
19 Thermal
19.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.30 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
19.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
19.3 Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K35.40 W/m·K
6.3
429
20.2 Critical Temperature
20.4 Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)22.50 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
20.6 Enthalpy
20.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol150.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
20.7.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol9.16 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
20.8.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol163.20 kJ/mol
61.5
837
20.10 Standard Molar Entropy
NA55.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1