Polonium

Calcium

Polonium vs Calcium

Polonium

Calcium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

162

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

p block

s block

1.5 Element Family

Post-Transition

Alkaline Earth

1.6 CAS Number

74400867440702

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Pm-3m

Fm_ 3m

1.8 Space Group Number

221.00225.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.

Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.

Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.

Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.

It is found in the compound state.

Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.

2.2 Sources

Mining, Ores of metals

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Pierre Curie and Marie Curie

Humphry Davy

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1898

In 1808

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

NA7 * 10^-3 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~-9999 %~0.007 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

NA1.10 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

NA5.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NA1.40 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.

A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.

It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry

Chemical Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Highly Toxic

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-360.50 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.170,000.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

254.00 °C839.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

962.00 °C1,484.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

Gray

4.3.3 Luster

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

NA1.75

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

NA170.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NANA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

NA3,810.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

α-polonium

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

β-polonium

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2919

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

2.001.00

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA0.95

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.761.04

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

2.481.08

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

2.191.03

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.003.00

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

812.10 kJ/mol589.80 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

NA1,145.40 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

NA4,912.40 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

NA6,491.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NA8,153.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NA10,496.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NA12,270.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NA14,206.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NA18,191.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NA20,385.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NA57,110.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NA63,410.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NA70,110.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NA78,890.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NA86,310.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NA94,000.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NA104,900.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NA111,711.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.90 g/amp-hr0.75 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

NA2.87 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

8420

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁴

[Ar] 4s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Monoclinic (MON)

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

8420

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

12520

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

8420

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

168.00 pm197.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

140.00 pm176.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

197.00 pm231.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

209.00 amu40.08 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

22.23 cm3/mol29.90 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

NA29.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

335.90 pm558.84 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

9.20 g/cm³1.55 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

9.40 g/cm31.38 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NA25.50 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NANA

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

NA7.40 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

NA17.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

NA20.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.31

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

9.324.58

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Nonmagnetic

Diamagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

0.40 nΩ·m33.60 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.02 10⁶/cm Ω0.30 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

183.30 kJ/mol2.37 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.12 J/(kg K)0.63 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.40 J/mol·K25.93 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

20.00 W/m·K201.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

23.50 µm/(m·K)22.30 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

60.30 kJ/mol150.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

13.00 kJ/mol8.54 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

134.00 kJ/mol184.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

NA41.60 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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