1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Post-Transition
Actinide
1.6 CAS Number
74400867440713
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
- Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
2.2 Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~-9999 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
1.2.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
1.2.2 Abundance In Oceans
1.2.3 Abundance In Humans
2 Uses
2.1 Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
-
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
2.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Chemical Industry
2.1.2 Medical Uses
2.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research
2.2 Biological Properties
2.2.1 Toxicity
2.2.2 Present in Human Body
2.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
1.2.1 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
2 Physical
2.1 Melting Point
254.00 °C900.00 °C
27
3410
2.6 Boiling Point
962.00 °C1,470.00 °C
147
5660
2.7 Appearance
2.7.1 Physical State
2.7.2 Color
2.7.3 Luster
2.8 Hardness
2.8.1 Mohs Hardness
2.13.1 Brinell Hardness
2.15.1 Vickers Hardness
3.5 Speed of Sound
4.5 Optical Properties
4.5.1 Refractive Index
4.5.2 Reflectivity
4.6 Allotropes
4.6.1 α Allotropes
4.6.2 β Allotropes
4.6.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.8 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.9 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol608.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
NA1,206.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.5 3rd Energy Level
NA2,267.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
7.3.7 4th Energy Level
NA3,599.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
7.3.8 5th Energy Level
7.3.10 6th Energy Level
7.3.12 7th Energy level
9.1.1 8th Energy Level
9.1.2 9th Energy Level
9.1.3 10th Energy Level
9.3.1 11th Energy Level
9.3.2 12th Energy Level
9.5.2 13th Energy Level
9.7.2 14th Energy Level
9.7.3 15th Energy Level
9.7.5 16th Energy Level
9.7.7 17th Energy Level
9.7.8 18th Energy Level
9.7.10 19th Energy Level
9.7.12 20th Energy Level
9.7.13 21st Energy Level
9.7.14 22nd Energy Level
9.9.1 23rd Energy Level
9.9.2 24th Energy Level
9.11.2 25th Energy Level
9.11.5 26th Energy Level
10.3.3 27th Energy Level
11.2.2 28th Energy Level
11.3.2 29th Energy Level
11.4.3 30th Energy Level
11.5 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr3.12 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
11.6 Electron Work Function
11.7 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
12 Atomic
12.1 Atomic Number
12.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
12.4 Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
12.4.1 Crystal Lattice
12.5 Atom
12.5.1 Number of Protons
12.7.2 Number of Neutrons
12.8.2 Number of Electrons
12.9 Radius of an Atom
12.9.1 Atomic Radius
168.00 pm186.00 pm
112
265
12.9.3 Covalent Radius
12.9.6 Van der Waals Radius
12.10 Atomic Weight
209.00 amu251.00 amu
6.94
294
12.11 Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/molNA
1.39
71.07
12.12 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
12.12.1 Previous Element
12.12.2 Next Element
12.13 Valence Electron Potential
12.14 Lattice Constant
335.90 pm338.00 pm
228.58
891.25
12.15 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
12.16 Lattice C/A Ratio
13 Mechanical
13.1 Density
13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm315.10 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
13.1.4 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.2 Tensile Strength
13.3 Viscosity
13.4 Vapor Pressure
13.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
13.4.4 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.5 Elasticity properties
13.5.1 Shear Modulus
13.5.5 Bulk Modulus
13.5.10 Young's Modulus
13.6 Poisson Ratio
13.7 Other Mechanical Properties
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
14.1.5 Magnetic Ordering
14.1.6 Permeability
14.1.10 Susceptibility
14.2 Electrical Properties
14.2.1 Electrical Property
14.2.2 Resistivity
14.3.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm ΩNA
0.00666
0.63
14.4.1 Electron Affinity
16 Thermal
16.1 Specific Heat
16.5 Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·KNA
16.443
62.7
16.7 Thermal Conductivity
16.9 Critical Temperature
17.2 Thermal Expansion
17.7 Enthalpy
17.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/molNA
7.32
799.1
17.7.5 Enthalpy of Fusion
17.8.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
17.10 Standard Molar Entropy