Polonium

Californium

Polonium vs Californium

Polonium

Californium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

16NA

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

p block

f block

1.5 Element Family

Post-Transition

Actinide

1.6 CAS Number

74400867440713

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Pm-3m

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

221.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.

Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.

Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.

Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.

Californium metal is the heaviest metal.

2.2 Sources

Mining, Ores of metals

Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Pierre Curie and Marie Curie

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1898

In 1950

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

NANA

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~-9999 %~-9999 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

NANA

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

NANA

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %NA

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NANA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.

A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.

Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry

Chemical Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

Alloys, Nuclear Research

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Highly Toxic

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

254.00 °C900.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

962.00 °C1,470.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

NA3.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

NANA

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NANA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

NANA

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

α-polonium

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

β-polonium

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2920

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

2.001.30

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NANA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.761.20

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

2.48NA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

2.19NA

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.002.70

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

812.10 kJ/mol608.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

NA1,206.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

NA2,267.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

NA3,599.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NANA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NANA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NANA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.90 g/amp-hr3.12 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

NANA

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

8498

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁴

[Rn] 5f¹⁰ 7s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Monoclinic (MON)

Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

8498

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

125153

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

8498

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

168.00 pm186.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

140.00 pmNA

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

197.00 pmNA

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

209.00 amu251.00 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

22.23 cm3/molNA

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

NA44.50 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

335.90 pm338.00 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

9.20 g/cm³15.10 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

9.40 g/cm3NA

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NANA

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

NANA

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

NANA

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

NANA

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

NANA

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Malleable, Sectile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

9.3215.10

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Nonmagnetic

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

Unknown

8.2.2 Resistivity

0.40 nΩ·mNA

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.02 10⁶/cm ΩNA

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

183.30 kJ/molNA

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.12 J/(kg K)NA

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.40 J/mol·KNA

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

20.00 W/m·KNA

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

23.50 µm/(m·K)NA

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

60.30 kJ/molNA

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

13.00 kJ/molNA

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

134.00 kJ/molNA

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

NANA

9.5 198.1

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