Polonium

Copper

Polonium vs Copper

Polonium

Copper

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

1611

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

p block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Post-Transition

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74400867440508

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Pm-3m

Fm_ 3m

1.8 Space Group Number

221.00225.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.

Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.

Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.

Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.

Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.

2.2 Sources

Mining, Ores of metals

Found in Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Pierre Curie and Marie Curie

Unknown

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1898

In Middle East (9000 BCE)

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

NA6 * 10^-6 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~-9999 %~0.00007 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

NA0.01 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

NA0.01 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NA0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.

A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.

It is use for coinage and bullion.
Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry

Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Highly Toxic

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-31.01 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.26.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

254.00 °C1,084.62 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

962.00 °C2,562.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

Copper

4.3.3 Luster

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

NA3.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

NA235.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NA343.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

NA3,810.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NA90.00 %

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

α-polonium

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

β-polonium

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2929

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

2.001.90

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA1.98

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.761.75

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

2.481.49

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

2.191.85

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.002.10

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

812.10 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

NA1,957.90 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

NA3,555.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

NA5,536.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NA7,700.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NA9,900.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NA13,400.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NA16,000.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NA19,200.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NA22,400.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NA25,600.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NA35,600.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NA38,700.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NA42,000.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NA46,700.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NA50,200.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NA53,700.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NA61,100.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NA64,702.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NA163,700.00 kJ/mol

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NA174,100.00 kJ/mol

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NA184,900.00 kJ/mol

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NA198,800.00 kJ/mol

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.90 g/amp-hr1.19 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

NA4.65 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

8429

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁴

[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹

6.3 Crystal Structure

Monoclinic (MON)

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

8429

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

12535

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

8429

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

168.00 pm128.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

140.00 pm132.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

197.00 pm140.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

209.00 amu63.55 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

22.23 cm3/mol7.10 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

NA34.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

335.90 pm361.49 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

9.20 g/cm³8.96 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

9.40 g/cm38.02 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NA1.53 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NANA

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

NA48.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

NA140.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

NA120.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.34

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

9.328.89

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Nonmagnetic

Diamagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NA1.256629 * 10^-6 H/m

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NA-9.63 * 10^-6

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

0.40 nΩ·m16.78 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.02 10⁶/cm Ω0.60 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

183.30 kJ/mol222.80 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.12 J/(kg K)0.38 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.40 J/mol·K24.44 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

20.00 W/m·K401.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

23.50 µm/(m·K)16.50 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

60.30 kJ/mol283.70 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

13.00 kJ/mol7.11 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

134.00 kJ/mol338.90 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

NA33.20 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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