1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
1.7 CAS Number
74400867439976
7429905
54386242
1.9 Space Group Name
1.10 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
- A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
- Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
2.2 Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Ancient Chinese and Indians
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.4.4 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~-9999 %
1E-08
0.1
3.1.1 Abundance In Meteorites
3.3.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.5.1 Abundance In Oceans
3.6.1 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
- It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.3.1 Medical Uses
4.3.2 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry
4.4 Biological Properties
4.4.1 Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Highly Toxic
4.4.2 Present in Human Body
4.4.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.5.2 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.45 p.p.m.
0
170000
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
6.2 Boiling Point
962.00 °C356.58 °C
147
5660
6.9 Appearance
6.9.1 Physical State
6.9.2 Color
6.9.3 Luster
6.10 Hardness
6.10.1 Mohs Hardness
7.1.2 Brinell Hardness
7.1.4 Vickers Hardness
7.2 Speed of Sound
7.3 Optical Properties
7.3.1 Refractive Index
7.3.2 Reflectivity
7.4 Allotropes
7.4.1 α Allotropes
7.4.2 β Allotropes
7.4.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.4 Electronegativity
8.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.6.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.7.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.8.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.8.3 Allen Electronegativity
8.10 Electropositivity
8.10.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.12 Ionization Energies
8.12.1 1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol1,007.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.14.1 2nd Energy Level
NA1,810.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.15.2 3rd Energy Level
NA3,300.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.1.2 4th Energy Level
9.3.1 5th Energy Level
10.2.1 6th Energy Level
10.2.4 7th Energy level
10.3.2 8th Energy Level
10.5.3 9th Energy Level
10.5.6 10th Energy Level
10.6.2 11th Energy Level
10.6.5 12th Energy Level
11.1.1 13th Energy Level
11.2.1 14th Energy Level
11.3.1 15th Energy Level
11.4.1 16th Energy Level
12.2.1 17th Energy Level
12.2.4 18th Energy Level
12.3.2 19th Energy Level
12.5.1 20th Energy Level
12.5.4 21st Energy Level
12.5.6 22nd Energy Level
12.5.8 23rd Energy Level
12.5.10 24th Energy Level
12.5.12 25th Energy Level
12.6.1 26th Energy Level
13.1.1 27th Energy Level
13.1.2 28th Energy Level
13.2.1 29th Energy Level
13.2.2 30th Energy Level
13.4 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr3.74 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
13.5 Electron Work Function
13.7 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
14 Atomic
14.1 Atomic Number
14.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
14.4 Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
14.4.1 Crystal Lattice
14.5 Atom
14.5.1 Number of Protons
14.6.2 Number of Neutrons
14.6.4 Number of Electrons
14.7 Radius of an Atom
14.7.1 Atomic Radius
168.00 pm151.00 pm
112
265
14.7.2 Covalent Radius
140.00 pm132.00 pm
96
260
14.8.1 Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm155.00 pm
139
348
14.9 Atomic Weight
209.00 amu200.59 amu
6.94
294
14.10 Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol14.82 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
14.11 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
14.11.1 Previous Element
14.11.2 Next Element
14.12 Valence Electron Potential
14.13 Lattice Constant
335.90 pm300.50 pm
228.58
891.25
14.14 Lattice Angles
14.15 Lattice C/A Ratio
15 Mechanical
15.1 Density
15.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm313.53 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
15.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.2 Tensile Strength
15.3 Viscosity
NA0.00
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0.001526
0.001526
15.4 Vapor Pressure
15.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
15.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
15.5 Elasticity properties
15.5.1 Shear Modulus
15.5.2 Bulk Modulus
15.5.3 Young's Modulus
15.6 Poisson Ratio
15.7 Other Mechanical Properties
16 Magnetic
16.1 Magnetic Characteristics
16.1.1 Specific Gravity
16.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
16.1.3 Permeability
16.1.4 Susceptibility
16.2 Electrical Properties
16.2.1 Electrical Property
16.2.2 Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m961.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
16.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
16.2.4 Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
17 Thermal
17.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.14 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
17.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K27.98 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
17.3 Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K8.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.4 Critical Temperature
17.5 Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)60.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.6 Enthalpy
17.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol56.90 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol2.29 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol61.50 kJ/mol
61.5
837
17.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA75.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1