Symbol
Po
  
Mo
  
Period Number
6
  
5
  
Block
p block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Post-Transition
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
Pm-3m
  
Im_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
- Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
- Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
  
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
  
Discovery
In 1898
  
In 1778
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
  
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
  
~0.0000009 %
  
19
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
  
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
- Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
- Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
  
Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
No
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
31
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
36
0.70 p.p.m.
  
18
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silver
  
Gray
  
Luster
NA
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
  
1,370.00 MPa
  
7
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
  
1,400.00 MPa
  
6
Speed of Sound
Not Available
  
5,400.00 m/s
  
6
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
Yes
  
No
  
α Allotropes
α-polonium
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
β-polonium
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Po
  
Mo
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol
  
14
684.30 kJ/mol
  
37
2nd Energy Level
Not Available
  
1,560.00 kJ/mol
  
37
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
  
2,618.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
  
4,480.00 kJ/mol
  
26
5th Energy Level
Not Available
  
5,257.00 kJ/mol
  
32
6th Energy Level
Not Available
  
6,640.80 kJ/mol
  
22
7th Energy level
Not Available
  
12,125.00 kJ/mol
  
13
8th Energy Level
Not Available
  
13,860.00 kJ/mol
  
16
9th Energy Level
Not Available
  
15,835.00 kJ/mol
  
16
10th Energy Level
Not Available
  
17,980.00 kJ/mol
  
18
11th Energy Level
Not Available
  
20,190.00 kJ/mol
  
17
12th Energy Level
Not Available
  
22,219.00 kJ/mol
  
15
13th Energy Level
Not Available
  
26,930.00 kJ/mol
  
13
14th Energy Level
Not Available
  
29,196.00 kJ/mol
  
13
15th Energy Level
Not Available
  
52,490.00 kJ/mol
  
7
16th Energy Level
Not Available
  
55,000.00 kJ/mol
  
8
17th Energy Level
Not Available
  
61,400.00 kJ/mol
  
9
18th Energy Level
Not Available
  
67,700.00 kJ/mol
  
9
19th Energy Level
Not Available
  
74,000.00 kJ/mol
  
9
20th Energy Level
Not Available
  
80,400.00 kJ/mol
  
10
21st Energy Level
Not Available
  
87,000.00 kJ/mol
  
9
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
  
93,400.00 kJ/mol
  
7
23rd Energy Level
Not Available
  
98,420.00 kJ/mol
  
6
24th Energy Level
Not Available
  
104,400.00 kJ/mol
  
2
25th Energy Level
Not Available
  
121,900.00 kJ/mol
  
1
26th Energy Level
Not Available
  
127,700.00 kJ/mol
  
1
27th Energy Level
Not Available
  
133,800.00 kJ/mol
  
1
28th Energy Level
Not Available
  
139,800.00 kJ/mol
  
1
29th Energy Level
Not Available
  
148,100.00 kJ/mol
  
1
30th Energy Level
Not Available
  
154,500.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr
  
8
0.89 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
  
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
  
[Kr] 4d5 5s1
  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100
  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol
  
13
9.40 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available
  
88.60 (-eV)
  
13
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3
  
99+
10.28 g/cm3
  
36
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Young's Modulus
Not Available
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
  
Ductile, Weldable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Semiconductor
  
Resistivity
53.40 nΩ·m
  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
  
99+
0.19 106/cm Ω
  
11
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol
  
3
71.90 kJ/mol
  
14
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
  
40
0.25 J/(kg K)
  
21
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K
  
28
24.06 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K
  
99+
138.00 W/m·K
  
12
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)
  
16
4.80 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol
  
99+
594.10 kJ/mol
  
8
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol
  
26
27.61 kJ/mol
  
5
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
653.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
  
28.70 J/mol.K
  
99+