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Polonium vs Molybdenum

Polonium
Molybdenum
Molybdenum vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Mo  
Group Number
16  
2
6  
12
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7439987  
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
  • Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Carl Wilhelm Scheele  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1778  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
20
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
19
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
39
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
  • Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
31
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
2,617.00 °C  
5
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
4,612.00 °C  
9
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
1,370.00 MPa  
7
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
1,400.00 MPa  
11
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
5,400.00 m/s  
9
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
58.00 %  
25
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Mo  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
2.16  
6
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
1.15  
34
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
2.16  
7
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
2.16  
3
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
1.84  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
684.30 kJ/mol  
37
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,560.00 kJ/mol  
38
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2,618.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
4,480.00 kJ/mol  
36
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,257.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,640.80 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12,125.00 kJ/mol  
13
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
13,860.00 kJ/mol  
16
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
15,835.00 kJ/mol  
16
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
17,980.00 kJ/mol  
18
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
20,190.00 kJ/mol  
17
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22,219.00 kJ/mol  
38
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
26,930.00 kJ/mol  
13
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
29,196.00 kJ/mol  
13
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
52,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
55,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
61,400.00 kJ/mol  
9
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
67,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
74,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
87,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
93,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
98,420.00 kJ/mol  
6
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
104,400.00 kJ/mol  
2
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
121,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
127,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
133,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
139,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
148,100.00 kJ/mol  
1
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
154,500.00 kJ/mol  
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
0.89 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
4.60 eV  
17
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
42  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Kr] 4d5 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
42  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
54  
99+
Number of Electrons
84  
32
42  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
139.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
154.00 pm  
34
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
95.95 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
9.40 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Niobium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Technetium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
88.60 (-eV)  
13
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
314.70 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.03  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
10.28 g/cm3  
39
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
9.33 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
324.00 MPa  
15
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
5
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
27
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
126.00 GPa  
8
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
230.00 GPa  
6
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
329.00 GPa  
6
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
10.22  
40
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
29
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
53.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.19 106/cm Ω  
11
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
71.90 kJ/mol  
16
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.25 J/(kg K)  
21
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
138.00 W/m·K  
12
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
2,896.00 K  
6
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
4.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
594.10 kJ/mol  
9
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
27.61 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.00 kJ/mol  
7
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
28.70 J/mol.K  
99+
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