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Potassium vs Californium

Potassium
Californium
Californium vs Potassium


Periodic Table
Symbol
K  
Cf  
Group Number
1  
17
3  
15
Period Number
4  
7  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440097  
99+
7440713  
20
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • In the list of most abundant element Potassium is ranked 7th.
  • Potassium can easily be sliced (chopped) down using knife.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1807  
In 1950  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.07 %  
9
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
1.50 %  
6
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.04 %  
3
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.20 %  
3
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Potassium’s compounds are in high demand for their application in Fertilizer manufacturing.
  • Potassium carbonate is used in glass manufacturing and Potassium carbonate in manufacturing detergent and body wash.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
1,620.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
2
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
2,100.00 p.p.m.  
3
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
63.65 °C  
99+
900.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
774.00 °C  
99+
1,470.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.40  
25
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
0.36 MPa  
99+
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
100.00 MPa  
99+
1,800.00 MPa  
7
Speed of Sound
2,000.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.33  
99+
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
72.00 %  
11
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
K  
Cf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.45  
99+
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.91  
40
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.73  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
0.73  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18  
3
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
418.80 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
3,052.00 kJ/mol  
5
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
4,420.00 kJ/mol  
8
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,877.00 kJ/mol  
18
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,975.00 kJ/mol  
14
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,590.00 kJ/mol  
19
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
11,343.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
14,944.00 kJ/mol  
13
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
16,963.70 kJ/mol  
15
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
48,610.00 kJ/mol  
3
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
54,490.00 kJ/mol  
4
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
60,730.00 kJ/mol  
15
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
13th Energy Level
68,950.00 kJ/mol  
4
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
75,900.00 kJ/mol  
5
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
15th Energy Level
83,080.00 kJ/mol  
13
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
16th Energy Level
93,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
17th Energy Level
99,710.00 kJ/mol  
8
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
4,196.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
419.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
22nd Energy Level
419.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
23rd Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
24th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
419.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.46 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
Electron Work Function
2.30 eV  
99+
4.70 eV  
15
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
19  
99+
98  
20
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s1  
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
19  
99+
98  
20
Number of Neutrons
20  
99+
153  
10
Number of Electrons
19  
99+
98  
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
227.00 pm  
4
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
203.00 pm  
9
186.00 pm  
21
Van der Waals Radius
275.00 pm  
7
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
39.10 amu  
99+
251.00 amu  
17
Atomic Volume
45.46 cm3/mol  
4
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Aluminium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Calcium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
10.40 (-eV)  
99+
44.50 (-eV)  
39
Lattice Constant
532.80 pm  
13
338.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.69  
10
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
0.86 g/cm3  
99+
15.10 g/cm3  
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.83 g/cm3  
99+
15.10 g/cm3  
22
Tensile Strength
16.00 MPa  
99+
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
9
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
34
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
1.30 GPa  
99+
29.00 GPa  
29
Bulk Modulus
3.10 GPa  
99+
40.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
3.53 GPa  
99+
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
0.86  
99+
15.10  
24
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
23
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
72.00 nΩ·m  
37
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
16
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
Electron Affinity
48.40 kJ/mol  
27
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.75 J/(kg K)  
6
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
29.60 J/mol·K  
8
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
Thermal Conductivity
102.50 W/m·K  
15
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,223.00 K  
14
900.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
83.30 µm/(m·K)  
3
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
77.50 kJ/mol  
99+
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.32 kJ/mol  
99+
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
Enthalpy of Atomization
89.50 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
64.70 J/mol.K  
19
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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