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Promethium vs Berkelium

Promethium
Berkelium
Berkelium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm  
Bk  
Group Number
3  
15
14  
4
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440122  
99+
7440406  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1942  
In 1949  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C  
99+
986.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C  
32
2,627.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
400.00 MPa  
34
260.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
1,070.00 MPa  
16
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.70  
27
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pm  
Bk  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
14  
25
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
2.70  
1
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
13th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
15th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
17th Energy Level
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
22nd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
24th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
Electron Work Function
5.30 eV  
5
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
61  
99+
97  
21
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61  
99+
97  
21
Number of Neutrons
84  
99+
150  
12
Number of Electrons
61  
99+
97  
21
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm  
12
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm  
12
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm  
20
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu  
99+
247.00 amu  
18
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Curium
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Californium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)  
40
45.50 (-eV)  
37
Lattice Constant
-  
341.60 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
14
1.57  
38
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
14.78 g/cm3  
23
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
13.25 g/cm3  
29
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
70.00 MPa  
31
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
31
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa  
99+
13.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
13.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26  
99+
14.00  
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
13
Susceptibility
0.00  
25
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,315.00 K  
99+
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
Standard Molar Entropy
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
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