1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74401667440451
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
- Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
- It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,966.00 °C795.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C3,257.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa186.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa210.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s2,100.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA3,547.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA6,325.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA7,490.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm181.80 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
142.00 pm204.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm235.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
102.91 amu140.12 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
380.34 pm362.00 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm36.55 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)1.04 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa13.50 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa21.50 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa33.60 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K26.94 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol414.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K72.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1