1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
2.4 Block
2.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
2.6 CAS Number
74401667440586
7429905
54386242
3.3 Space Group Name
3.4 Space Group Number
5 Facts
5.1 Interesting Facts
- Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
- Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
5.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
By-product Zirconium Refining
5.3 History
5.3.1 Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
5.3.2 Discovery
5.4 Abundance
5.4.1 Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %7 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
5.5.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
5.5.3 Abundance In Meteorites
5.7.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.7.6 Abundance In Oceans
5.7.7 Abundance In Humans
6 Uses
6.1 Uses & Benefits
- Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.
- It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
-
It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
6.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry
6.1.2 Medical Uses
6.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
6.2 Biological Properties
6.2.1 Toxicity
6.2.2 Present in Human Body
6.2.3 In Blood
6.4.1 In Bone
7 Physical
7.1 Melting Point
1,966.00 °C2,150.00 °C
27
3410
7.3 Boiling Point
3,727.00 °C5,400.00 °C
147
5660
8.3 Appearance
8.3.1 Physical State
8.3.2 Color
8.3.3 Luster
8.4 Hardness
8.4.1 Mohs Hardness
8.5.2 Brinell Hardness
980.00 MPa1,450.00 MPa
0.14
3490
8.5.6 Vickers Hardness
1,100.00 MPa1,520.00 MPa
121
3430
8.6 Speed of Sound
4,700.00 m/s3,010.00 m/s
818
16200
8.7 Optical Properties
8.7.1 Refractive Index
8.7.3 Reflectivity
8.8 Allotropes
8.8.2 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.8.3 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.8.4 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.4 Electronegativity
9.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.5.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.5.7 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.5.10 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.5.14 Allen Electronegativity
9.8 Electropositivity
9.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity
10.2 Ionization Energies
10.2.1 1st Energy Level
719.70 kJ/mol658.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
10.5.3 2nd Energy Level
1,740.00 kJ/mol1,440.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
10.5.6 3rd Energy Level
2,997.00 kJ/mol2,250.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
10.5.9 4th Energy Level
NA3,216.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
10.6.4 5th Energy Level
10.7.2 6th Energy Level
10.8.1 7th Energy level
10.10.1 8th Energy Level
10.11.2 9th Energy Level
11.1.2 10th Energy Level
11.1.5 11th Energy Level
11.2.2 12th Energy Level
11.3.2 13th Energy Level
11.4.3 14th Energy Level
11.4.5 15th Energy Level
11.5.2 16th Energy Level
11.5.4 17th Energy Level
11.5.7 18th Energy Level
11.5.9 19th Energy Level
11.5.12 20th Energy Level
11.5.14 21st Energy Level
11.6.2 22nd Energy Level
11.6.3 23rd Energy Level
12.1.1 24th Energy Level
12.1.4 25th Energy Level
12.1.8 26th Energy Level
12.1.10 27th Energy Level
12.1.12 28th Energy Level
12.2.3 29th Energy Level
12.2.5 30th Energy Level
12.3 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.28 g/amp-hr1.66 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
12.5 Electron Work Function
12.7 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
13 Atomic
13.1 Atomic Number
15.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d8 5s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
15.3 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
15.3.1 Crystal Lattice
15.4 Atom
15.4.1 Number of Protons
15.5.1 Number of Neutrons
15.9.1 Number of Electrons
15.11 Radius of an Atom
15.11.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm159.00 pm
112
265
15.11.3 Covalent Radius
142.00 pm175.00 pm
96
260
15.12.1 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
15.14 Atomic Weight
102.91 amu178.49 amu
6.94
294
15.16 Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol13.60 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
15.17 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
15.17.1 Previous Element
15.17.2 Next Element
15.18 Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)81.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
15.20 Lattice Constant
380.34 pm319.64 pm
228.58
891.25
15.21 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
15.22 Lattice C/A Ratio
16 Mechanical
16.1 Density
16.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
12.41 g/cm313.31 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
16.3.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.70 g/cm312.00 g/cm3
0.512
20
16.4 Tensile Strength
951.00 MPa445.00 MPa
2.5
11000
16.6 Viscosity
16.7 Vapor Pressure
16.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.9.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.02 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
17.2 Elasticity properties
17.2.1 Shear Modulus
150.00 GPa30.00 GPa
1.3
222
17.2.3 Bulk Modulus
275.00 GPa110.00 GPa
1.6
462
17.3.1 Young's Modulus
380.00 GPa78.00 GPa
1.7
528
17.5 Poisson Ratio
17.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
18 Magnetic
18.1 Magnetic Characteristics
18.1.1 Specific Gravity
18.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
18.1.3 Permeability
18.1.5 Susceptibility
18.3 Electrical Properties
18.3.1 Electrical Property
18.3.2 Resistivity
43.30 nΩ·m331.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
18.3.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω0.03 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
18.3.5 Electron Affinity
109.70 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
19 Thermal
19.1 Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.14 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
19.3 Molar Heat Capacity
24.98 J/mol·K25.73 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
20.2 Thermal Conductivity
150.00 W/m·K23.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
20.3 Critical Temperature
20.4 Thermal Expansion
8.20 µm/(m·K)5.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
20.6 Enthalpy
20.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
495.40 kJ/mol661.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
20.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
21.76 kJ/mol25.10 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
20.6.4 Enthalpy of Atomization
556.50 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
20.7 Standard Molar Entropy
31.50 J/mol.K43.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1