Rubidium

Scandium

Rubidium Scandium Comparison

Rubidium

Scandium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

s block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Alkali

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74401777440202

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Im_ 3m

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

229.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.

Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .

2.2 Sources

Obtained from Lithium Production.

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff

Lars Fredrik Nilson

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1861

In 1879

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1 * 10^-6 %3 * 10^-6 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.000003 %~0.000004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.01 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.

Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Research Purposes

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

2.49 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

5.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

38.89 °C1,539.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

688.00 °C2,832.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Grayish White

Silvery White

4.3.3 Luster

Lustrous

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

0.30NA

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

0.22 MPa750.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NANA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

1,300.00 m/sNA

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2913

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

0.821.36

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

0.311.02

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

0.891.20

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

0.69NA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

0.711.19

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

3.182.64

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

403.00 kJ/mol633.10 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

2,633.00 kJ/mol1,235.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

3,860.00 kJ/mol2,388.60 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

5,080.00 kJ/mol7,090.60 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

6,850.00 kJ/mol8,843.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

8,140.00 kJ/mol10,679.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

9,570.00 kJ/mol13,310.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

13,120.00 kJ/mol15,250.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

14,500.00 kJ/mol17,370.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

26,740.00 kJ/mol21,726.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NA24,102.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NA66,320.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NA73,010.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NA80,160.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NA89,490.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NA97,400.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NA105,600.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NA117,000.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NA124,270.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.19 g/amp-hr0.56 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

2.16 eV3.50 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

3721

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Kr] 5s¹

[Ar] 3d¹ 4s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

3721

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

4824

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

3721

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

248.00 pm162.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

220.00 pm170.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

303.00 pm211.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

85.47 amu44.96 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

55.90 cm3/mol15.00 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

9.47 (-eV)58.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

558.50 pm330.90 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NA1.59

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

1.53 g/cm³2.99 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

1.46 g/cm32.80 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA91.30 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

NA29.10 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

2.50 GPa56.60 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

2.40 GPa74.40 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.28

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

1.532.99

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

128.00 nΩ·m562.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.08 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

46.90 kJ/mol18.10 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.36 J/(kg K)0.60 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

31.06 J/mol·K25.52 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

58.20 W/m·K15.80 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

2,093.00 KNA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

90.00 µm/(m·K)10.20 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

69.20 kJ/mol314.20 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

2.19 kJ/mol14.10 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

82.00 kJ/mol343.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

76.80 J/mol.K34.60 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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