Rubidium

Cobalt

Rubidium vs Cobalt

Rubidium

Cobalt

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

s block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Alkali

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74401777440484

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Im_ 3m

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

229.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.

The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.

It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.

2.2 Sources

Obtained from Lithium Production.

Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff

Georg Brandt

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1861

In 1732

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1 * 10^-6 %3 * 10^-4 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.000003 %~0.0004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.06 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.01 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.

Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Pharmaceutical Industry

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Research Purposes

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

2.49 Blood/mg dm-30.04 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

5.00 p.p.m.0.04 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

38.89 °C1,495.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

688.00 °C2,870.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Grayish White

Gray

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

0.305.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

0.22 MPa470.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NA1,043.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

1,300.00 m/s4,720.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NA67.00 %

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

α-Cobalt

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

β-Cobalt

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2926

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

0.821.88

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

0.312.56

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

0.891.70

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

0.69NA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

0.711.84

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

3.182.12

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

403.00 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

2,633.00 kJ/mol1,648.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

3,860.00 kJ/mol3,232.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

5,080.00 kJ/mol4,950.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

6,850.00 kJ/mol7,670.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

8,140.00 kJ/mol9,840.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

9,570.00 kJ/mol12,440.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

13,120.00 kJ/mol15,230.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

14,500.00 kJ/mol17,959.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

26,740.00 kJ/mol26,570.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NA29,400.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NA32,400.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NA36,600.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NA39,700.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NA42,800.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NA49,396.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NA52,737.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NA134,810.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NA145,170.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NA154,700.00 kJ/mol

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NA167,400.00 kJ/mol

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NA178,100.00 kJ/mol

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NA189,300.00 kJ/mol

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.19 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

2.16 eV5.00 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

Chemical Stability, Ionization

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

3722

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Kr] 5s¹

[Ar] 3d² 4s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

3722

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

4826

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

3722

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

248.00 pm147.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

220.00 pm160.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

303.00 pm200.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

85.47 amu47.87 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

55.90 cm3/mol10.64 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

9.47 (-eV)95.20 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

558.50 pm295.08 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

1.53 g/cm³4.51 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

1.46 g/cm34.11 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NA434.00 MPa

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA0.98 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

NA44.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

2.50 GPa110.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

2.40 GPa116.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.32

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

1.534,500.00

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

Poor Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

128.00 nΩ·m420.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.08 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

46.90 kJ/mol7.60 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.36 J/(kg K)0.52 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

31.06 J/mol·K25.06 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

58.20 W/m·K21.90 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

2,093.00 KNA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

90.00 µm/(m·K)8.60 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

69.20 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

2.19 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

82.00 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

76.80 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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