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Rubidium
Rubidium

Gadolinium
Gadolinium



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Rubidium
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Gadolinium

Rubidium vs Gadolinium

1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Rb
Gd
1.2 Group Number
10
Sodium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
56
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
s block
f block
1.5 Element Family
Alkali
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74401777440542
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
229.00194.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
2.2 Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1861
In 1880
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %2 * 10-7 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000003 %~0.0000002 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %0.00 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
0.00 %NA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3NA
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.5 In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.NA
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
38.89 °C1,311.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.3 Boiling Point
688.00 °C3,233.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.6 Appearance
4.6.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.6.2 Color
Grayish White
Silvery White
4.6.3 Luster
NA
Metallic
4.7 Hardness
4.7.1 Mohs Hardness
0.30NA
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.8.1 Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPaNA
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.10.1 Vickers Hardness
NA510.00 MPa
Palladium
121 3430
5.2 Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s2,680.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
5.3 Optical Properties
5.3.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
5.4.1 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
5.5 Allotropes
5.5.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.5.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.5.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
Rb
Gd
6.3 Isotopes
6.3.1 Known Isotopes
2926
Tennessine
0 38
6.5 Electronegativity
6.5.1 Pauling Electronegativity
0.821.20
Francium
0.7 2.54
6.5.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31NA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
6.6.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.891.11
Cesium
0.86 1.82
6.6.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69NA
Cesium
0.62 2.48
6.6.6 Allen Electronegativity
0.71NA
Cesium
0.659 2.7
6.8 Electropositivity
6.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity
3.182.80
Gold
1.46 3.3
6.9 Ionization Energies
6.9.1 1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
7.1.3 2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol1,170.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
7.1.5 3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol1,990.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
7.2.2 4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol4,250.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
7.2.4 5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/molNA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
7.2.6 6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/molNA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
7.2.8 7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/molNA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
7.2.9 8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/molNA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
8.1.1 9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/molNA
Yttrium
14110 134700
8.2.1 10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/molNA
Strontium
17100 144300
8.3.1 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
8.5.1 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
8.6.2 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
8.6.4 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
8.6.6 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
8.7.1 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
8.7.2 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
8.7.3 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
8.7.4 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
8.7.5 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
8.7.6 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
8.7.7 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
8.7.8 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
8.7.9 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
8.7.10 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
8.7.11 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
8.7.12 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
8.7.13 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
8.7.14 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
8.7.15 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
8.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr1.96 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
8.9 Electron Work Function
2.16 eV3.10 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
8.10 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
9 Atomic
9.1 Atomic Number
3764
Lithium
3 117
9.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
9.3 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
9.3.1 Crystal Lattice
9.4 Atom
9.4.1 Number of Protons
3764
Lithium
3 117
9.4.2 Number of Neutrons
4893
Lithium
4 184
9.4.3 Number of Electrons
3764
Lithium
3 117
9.5 Radius of an Atom
9.5.1 Atomic Radius
248.00 pm180.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
9.5.2 Covalent Radius
220.00 pm196.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
9.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm237.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
9.6 Atomic Weight
85.47 amu47.87 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
9.7 Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
9.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
9.8.1 Previous Element
9.8.2 Next Element
9.9 Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)46.10 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
9.10 Lattice Constant
558.50 pm363.60 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
9.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
9.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NA1.59
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
10 Mechanical
10.1 Density
10.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm37.90 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
10.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm37.40 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
10.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
10.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
10.4 Vapor Pressure
10.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA0.00 (Pa)
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
10.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NA7.39 (Pa)
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
10.5 Elasticity properties
10.5.1 Shear Modulus
NA21.80 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
10.5.2 Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa37.90 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
10.5.3 Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa54.80 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
10.6 Poisson Ratio
NA0.26
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
10.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
11 Magnetic
11.1 Magnetic Characteristics
11.1.1 Specific Gravity
1.537.90
Lithium
0.53 4500
11.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
11.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
11.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
11.2 Electrical Properties
11.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
11.2.2 Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m1.31 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
11.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
11.2.4 Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
12 Thermal
12.1 Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
12.2 Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K37.03 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
12.3 Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K10.60 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
12.4 Critical Temperature
2,093.00 KNA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
12.5 Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)9.40 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
12.6 Enthalpy
12.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol359.40 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
12.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol10.05 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
12.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol352.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
12.7 Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K68.10 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1