Rubidium

Zinc

Rubidium Zinc Comparison

Rubidium

Zinc

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

112

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

s block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Alkali

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74401777440666

7429905 54386242

1.8 Space Group Name

Im_ 3m

P63/mmc

1.9 Space Group Number

229.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.

Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.

2.2 Sources

Obtained from Lithium Production.

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff

Indian metallurgists

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1861

Before 1000 BCE

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1 * 10^-6 %3 * 10^-5 %

5E-09 0.11

2.5.1 Abundance In Sun

~0.000003 %~0.0002 %

1E-08 0.1

2.5.2 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.02 %

1.7E-07 22

2.7.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.01 %0.01 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.8.1 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.8.2 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.

It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Pharmaceutical Industry

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys, Research Purposes

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

Highly Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

2.49 Blood/mg dm-37.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

4.1.2 In Bone

5.00 p.p.m.170.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

5 Physical

5.1 Melting Point

38.89 °C419.58 °C

27 3410

5.2 Boiling Point

688.00 °C907.00 °C

147 5660

5.3 Appearance

5.3.1 Physical State

Solid

5.3.2 Color

Grayish White

Silvery Gray

5.3.3 Luster

Metallic

5.4 Hardness

5.4.1 Mohs Hardness

0.302.50

0.2 8.5

5.5.1 Brinell Hardness

0.22 MPa327.00 MPa

0.14 3490

5.5.2 Vickers Hardness

NANA

121 3430

5.7 Speed of Sound

1,300.00 m/s3,850.00 m/s

818 16200

5.9 Optical Properties

5.9.1 Refractive Index

NA1.00

1.000933 1.7229

5.9.2 Reflectivity

NA80.00 %

58 97

5.10 Allotropes

✔ ✘

5.10.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

5.10.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

5.10.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

6 Chemical

6.1 Chemical Formula

6.2 Isotopes

6.2.1 Known Isotopes

2925

0 38

6.3 Electronegativity

6.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

0.821.65

0.7 2.54

6.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

0.312.23

0.22 2.56

6.4.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

0.891.66

0.86 1.82

6.4.5 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

0.691.65

0.62 2.48

6.4.7 Allen Electronegativity

0.711.59

0.659 2.7

6.6 Electropositivity

6.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity

3.182.35

1.46 3.3

7.2 Ionization Energies

7.2.1 1st Energy Level

403.00 kJ/mol906.40 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

7.2.2 2nd Energy Level

2,633.00 kJ/mol1,733.30 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

7.2.5 3rd Energy Level

3,860.00 kJ/mol3,833.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

7.2.6 4th Energy Level

5,080.00 kJ/mol5,731.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

7.2.8 5th Energy Level

6,850.00 kJ/mol7,970.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

7.3.3 6th Energy Level

8,140.00 kJ/mol10,400.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

7.3.4 7th Energy level

9,570.00 kJ/mol12,900.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

7.3.6 8th Energy Level

13,120.00 kJ/mol16,800.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

7.3.8 9th Energy Level

14,500.00 kJ/mol19,600.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

7.3.9 10th Energy Level

26,740.00 kJ/mol23,000.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

8.1.1 11th Energy Level

NA26,400.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

8.2.1 12th Energy Level

NA29,990.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

8.3.1 13th Energy Level

NA40,490.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

8.4.1 14th Energy Level

NA43,800.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

8.5.1 15th Energy Level

NA47,300.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

8.6.2 16th Energy Level

NA52,300.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

8.6.3 17th Energy Level

NA55,900.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

8.6.5 18th Energy Level

NA59,700.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

8.6.7 19th Energy Level

NA67,300.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

8.7.1 20th Energy Level

NA171,200.00 kJ/mol

80400 171200

8.7.2 21st Energy Level

NA179,100.00 kJ/mol

87000 179100

8.7.3 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

8.7.4 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

8.7.5 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

8.7.6 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

8.7.7 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

8.7.8 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

8.7.9 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

8.7.10 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

8.7.11 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

8.8 Electrochemical Equivalent

3.19 g/amp-hr1.22 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

8.9 Electron Work Function

2.16 eV4.33 eV

2.14 5.65

8.10 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

9 Atomic

9.1 Atomic Number

3730

3 117

9.2 Electron Configuration

[Kr] 5s¹

[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s²

9.3 Crystal Structure

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

9.3.1 Crystal Lattice

9.4 Atom

9.4.1 Number of Protons

3730

3 117

9.4.2 Number of Neutrons

4835

4 184

9.4.3 Number of Electrons

3730

3 117

9.5 Radius of an Atom

9.5.1 Atomic Radius

248.00 pm134.00 pm

112 265

9.5.2 Covalent Radius

220.00 pm122.00 pm

96 260

9.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

303.00 pm139.00 pm

139 348

9.6 Atomic Weight

85.47 amu65.38 amu

6.94 294

9.7 Atomic Volume

55.90 cm3/mol9.20 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

9.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

9.8.1 Previous Element

9.8.2 Next Element

9.9 Valence Electron Potential

9.47 (-eV)38.90 (-eV)

8 392.42

9.10 Lattice Constant

558.50 pm266.49 pm

228.58 891.25

9.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

9.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

10 Mechanical

10.1 Density

10.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

1.53 g/cm³7.14 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

10.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

1.46 g/cm36.57 g/cm3

0.512 20

10.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

10.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

10.4 Vapor Pressure

10.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

10.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NANA

2.62E-10 774

10.5 Elasticity properties

10.5.1 Shear Modulus

NA43.00 GPa

1.3 222

10.5.2 Bulk Modulus

2.50 GPa70.00 GPa

1.6 462

10.5.3 Young's Modulus

2.40 GPa108.00 GPa

1.7 528

10.6 Poisson Ratio

NA0.25

0.032 0.47

10.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

11 Magnetic

11.1 Magnetic Characteristics

11.1.1 Specific Gravity

1.536.90

0.53 4500

11.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Diamagnetic

11.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

11.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

11.2 Electrical Properties

11.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

11.2.2 Resistivity

128.00 nΩ·m59.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

11.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.08 10⁶/cm Ω0.17 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

11.2.4 Electron Affinity

46.90 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

12 Thermal

12.1 Specific Heat

0.36 J/(kg K)0.39 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

12.2 Molar Heat Capacity

31.06 J/mol·K25.47 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

12.3 Thermal Conductivity

58.20 W/m·K116.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

12.4 Critical Temperature

2,093.00 KNA

26.3 3223

12.5 Thermal Expansion

90.00 µm/(m·K)30.20 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

12.6 Enthalpy

12.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

69.20 kJ/mol7.32 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

12.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

2.19 kJ/mol7.32 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

12.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

82.00 kJ/mol129.70 kJ/mol

61.5 837

12.7 Standard Molar Entropy

76.80 J/mol.K41.60 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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Rubidium vs Californium

Rubidium vs Samarium

All Metals