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Rubidium
Rubidium

Zinc
Zinc



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Rubidium vs Zinc

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Rb
Zn
1.2 Group Number
112
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
54
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
s block
d block
1.5 Element Family
Alkali
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74401777440666
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
229.00194.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
2.2 Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Indian metallurgists
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1861
Before 1000 BCE
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %3 * 10-5 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000003 %~0.0002 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.02 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %0.01 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  • It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
  • It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-37.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.170.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
38.89 °C419.58 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
688.00 °C907.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Grayish White
Silvery Gray
4.3.3 Luster
NA
Metallic
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
0.302.50
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa327.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NANA
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s3,850.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NA1.00
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NA80.00 %
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Rb
Zn
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
2925
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
0.821.65
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
0.312.23
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.891.66
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.691.65
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
0.711.59
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
3.182.35
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol906.40 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol1,733.30 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol3,833.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol5,731.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol7,970.00 kJ/mol
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol10,400.00 kJ/mol
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol12,900.00 kJ/mol
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol16,800.00 kJ/mol
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol19,600.00 kJ/mol
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol23,000.00 kJ/mol
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NA26,400.00 kJ/mol
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NA29,990.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NA40,490.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NA43,800.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NA47,300.00 kJ/mol
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NA52,300.00 kJ/mol
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NA55,900.00 kJ/mol
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NA59,700.00 kJ/mol
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NA67,300.00 kJ/mol
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NA171,200.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NA179,100.00 kJ/mol
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr1.22 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
2.16 eV4.33 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
3730
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
3730
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
4835
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
3730
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
248.00 pm134.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
220.00 pm122.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm139.00 pm
Palladium
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
85.47 amu65.38 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol9.20 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)38.90 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
558.50 pm266.49 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm37.14 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm36.57 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NANA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NANA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
NA43.00 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa70.00 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa108.00 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
NA0.25
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
NA
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
1.536.90
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m59.00 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω0.17 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)0.39 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K25.47 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K116.00 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
2,093.00 KNA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)30.20 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol7.32 kJ/mol
Sodium
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol7.32 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol129.70 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K41.60 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1