1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
1.6 CAS Number
74401777440666
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
2.2 Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Indian metallurgists
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %3 * 10-5 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000003 %~0.0002 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
- It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
- It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-37.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.170.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
38.89 °C419.58 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
688.00 °C907.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Grayish White
Silvery Gray
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa327.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s3,850.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol906.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol1,733.30 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol3,833.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol5,731.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol7,970.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol10,400.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol12,900.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol16,800.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol19,600.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol23,000.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NA26,400.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NA29,990.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NA40,490.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NA43,800.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NA47,300.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NA52,300.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NA55,900.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NA59,700.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NA67,300.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NA171,200.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NA179,100.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr1.22 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
6.3 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
248.00 pm134.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
220.00 pm122.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm139.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
85.47 amu65.38 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol9.20 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)38.90 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
558.50 pm266.49 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm37.14 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm36.57 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa70.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa108.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m59.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω0.17 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)0.39 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K25.47 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K116.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)30.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol7.32 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol7.32 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol129.70 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K41.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1