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Ruthenium vs Seaborgium

Ruthenium
Seaborgium
Seaborgium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Sg  
Group Number
8  
10
6  
12
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
54038812  
9
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Seaborgium most stable isotope is Sg and it has 2.1 min of half- life.
  • And other isotopes of Seaborgium have half-lives as short as 3 ms.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1974  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Currently known uses of Seaborgium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
27
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
-  
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
400.00 MPa  
34
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
520.00 MPa  
33
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
3,200.00 m/s  
35
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
68.00 %  
15
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Sg  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
9  
29
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.90  
8
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
757.40 kJ/mol  
21
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,732.90 kJ/mol  
29
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
2,483.50 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
3,415.60 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
4,561.80 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,715.80 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,600.00 kJ/mol  
39
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
971.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
579.80 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
579.80 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
14
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
573.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
22
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
971.00 kJ/mol  
4
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
870.00 kJ/mol  
7
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
870.00 kJ/mol  
10
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
761.90 kJ/mol  
21
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.20 g/amp-hr  
14
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
6.00 eV  
1
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
-  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
106  
12
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
106  
12
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
157  
8
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
106  
12
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
132.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
143.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
230.00 pm  
24
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
269.00 amu  
9
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
35.00 cm3/mol  
8
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Dubnium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Bohrium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
6.10 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.36  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
35.00 g/cm3  
4
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
35.00 g/cm3  
4
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
30.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
12.60 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.25  
24
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
35.00  
6
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
7
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
0.38 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
35.00 J/mol·K  
5
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
0.14 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
1,200.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
585.00 kJ/mol  
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
650.00 kJ/mol  
8
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
42.70 J/mol.K  
99+
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