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Ruthenium vs Vanadium

Ruthenium
Vanadium
Vanadium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
V  
Group Number
8  
10
5  
13
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440622  
27
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Andrés Manuel del Río  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
11
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.01 %  
14
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.02 %  
12
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
14
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
39
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
1,890.00 °C  
13
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
3,380.00 °C  
21
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Blue-Silver Grey  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
6.70  
4
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
600.00 MPa  
24
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
628.00 MPa  
25
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
4,560.00 m/s  
22
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
2.05  
13
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
V  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
22  
17
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.63  
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.39  
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.45  
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.63  
21
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.53  
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.37  
34
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,414.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
2,830.00 kJ/mol  
36
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
4,507.00 kJ/mol  
35
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,298.70 kJ/mol  
38
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,363.00 kJ/mol  
6
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
14,530.00 kJ/mol  
5
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16,730.00 kJ/mol  
7
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19,860.00 kJ/mol  
7
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
22,240.00 kJ/mol  
12
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
24,670.00 kJ/mol  
15
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29,730.00 kJ/mol  
34
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
32,446.00 kJ/mol  
12
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,450.00 kJ/mol  
1
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
94,170.00 kJ/mol  
3
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
102,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
112,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
121,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
130,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
143,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
151,440.00 kJ/mol  
8
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
650.00 kJ/mol  
32
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.38 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
23  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Ar] 3d3 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
23  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
23  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
153.00 pm  
35
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
50.94 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
8.78 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Titanium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Chromium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
120.00 (-eV)  
6
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
303.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.70  
9
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
6.00 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
800.00 MPa  
6
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
11
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.23 (Pa)  
16
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
47.00 GPa  
16
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
128.00 GPa  
17
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
5.96  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
8
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
197.00 nΩ·m  
19
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
50.60 kJ/mol  
25
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.49 J/(kg K)  
10
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
24.89 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
30.70 W/m·K  
40
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
2,183.00 K  
15
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
458.60 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
514.60 kJ/mol  
17
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
28.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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