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Rutherfordium Thallium Comparison

Rutherfordium
Thallium
Thallium Rutherfordium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rf  
Tl  
Group Number
4  
14
13  
5
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
53850365  
13
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1964  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
2,100.00 °C  
11
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,500.00 °C  
3
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silvery White  
Luster
Unknown Luster  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
1,300.00 MPa  
9
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
550.00 MPa  
31
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rf  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.00  
99+
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.90  
13
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
6.00 eV  
1
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
104  
14
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
104  
14
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
123  
21
Number of Electrons
104  
14
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
150.00 pm  
35
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
157.00 pm  
33
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
250.00 pm  
10
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
267.00 amu  
11
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lawrencium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Dubnium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
-  
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
22
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
23.20 g/cm3  
8
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
23.20 g/cm3  
9
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
23.00 MPa  
99+
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
23.00 GPa  
99+
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
12.80 GPa  
99+
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
23.00  
10
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
2,400.00 K  
12
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
-  
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
Summary >>
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