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Rutherfordium vs Cerium

Rutherfordium
Cerium
Cerium vs Rutherfordium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rf  
Ce  
Group Number
4  
14
3  
15
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
53850365  
13
7440451  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Discovery
In 1964  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
-  
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
Physical
Melting Point
2,100.00 °C  
11
795.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,500.00 °C  
3
3,257.00 °C  
24
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silvery White  
Luster
Unknown Luster  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
1,300.00 MPa  
9
186.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
550.00 MPa  
31
210.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.20  
9
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
68.00 %  
15
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rf  
Ce  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
30  
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.00  
99+
1.12  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.90  
13
1.12  
37
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.08  
32
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.12  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.12  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
2.88  
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
6th Energy Level
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
7th Energy level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
22nd Energy Level
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
24th Energy Level
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
6.00 eV  
1
2.84 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
104  
14
58  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
104  
14
58  
99+
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
104  
14
58  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
150.00 pm  
35
181.80 pm  
14
Covalent Radius
157.00 pm  
33
204.00 pm  
8
Van der Waals Radius
250.00 pm  
10
235.00 pm  
21
Atomic Weight
267.00 amu  
11
140.12 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lawrencium
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Dubnium
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
-  
362.00 pm  
38
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
22
1.59  
31
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
23.20 g/cm3  
8
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
23.20 g/cm3  
9
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
23.00 MPa  
99+
270.00 MPa  
17
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
1.04 (Pa)  
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
23.00 GPa  
99+
13.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
21.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
12.80 GPa  
99+
33.60 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.24  
27
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
23.00  
10
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
7
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
Thermal Conductivity
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,400.00 K  
12
1,071.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
Enthalpy of Fusion
-  
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
Standard Molar Entropy
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
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