Scandium Scandium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc
Sc
Group Number
3
15
3
15
Period Number
4
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440202
99+
7440202
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Discovery
In 1879
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-6 %
15
3 * 10-6 %
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.000004 %
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
18
0.00 %
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
23
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
32
0.00 %
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
- Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
34
0.00 p.p.m.
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C
24
1,539.00 °C
24
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C
35
2,832.00 °C
35
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Lustrous
Lustrous
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa
12
750.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
Not Available
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sc
Sc
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
13
26
13
26
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36
29
1.36
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02
21
1.02
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20
27
1.20
27
Allen Electronegativity
1.19
36
1.19
36
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64
25
2.64
25
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
633.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
7,090.60 kJ/mol
6
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
8,843.00 kJ/mol
6
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
10,679.00 kJ/mol
7
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
13,310.00 kJ/mol
8
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
15,250.00 kJ/mol
11
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
17,370.00 kJ/mol
14
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
21,726.00 kJ/mol
13
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
24,102.00 kJ/mol
16
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
66,320.00 kJ/mol
2
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
73,010.00 kJ/mol
2
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
80,160.00 kJ/mol
3
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
89,490.00 kJ/mol
4
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
97,400.00 kJ/mol
5
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
105,600.00 kJ/mol
6
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
117,000.00 kJ/mol
7
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
124,270.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
0.56 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV
31
3.50 eV
31
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
21
99+
21
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
21
99+
21
99+
Number of Neutrons
24
99+
24
99+
Number of Electrons
21
99+
21
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm
26
162.00 pm
26
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm
25
170.00 pm
25
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm
25
211.00 pm
25
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu
99+
44.96 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol
34
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)
24
58.00 (-eV)
24
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm
99+
330.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
7
1.59
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3
99+
2.99 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3
99+
2.80 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
0.00 (Pa)
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)
3
91.30 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa
24
29.10 GPa
24
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa
21
56.60 GPa
21
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa
26
74.40 GPa
26
Poisson Ratio
0.28
18
0.28
18
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
2.99
99+
2.99
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m
10
562.00 nΩ·m
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol
33
18.10 kJ/mol
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
0.60 J/(kg K)
8
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K
37
25.52 J/mol·K
37
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K
99+
15.80 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
10.20 µm/(m·K)
39
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol
28
314.20 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol
25
14.10 kJ/mol
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol
28
343.00 kJ/mol
28
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
34.60 J/mol.K
99+
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