Symbol
Sc
  
Cd
  
Period Number
4
  
5
  
Block
d block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson
  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
  
Discovery
In 1879
  
In 1817
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
  
16
~0.0000006 %
  
21
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
-
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
-
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic
  
Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
  
22
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
  
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
34
1.80 p.p.m.
  
15
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C
  
24
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C
  
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Silvery Bluish-Gray
  
Luster
Lustrous
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
Not Available
  
2,310.00 m/s
  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Sc
  
Cd
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol
  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol
  
32
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol
  
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol
  
13
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol
  
6
Not Available
  
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Not Available
  
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Not Available
  
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Not Available
  
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol
  
11
Not Available
  
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol
  
14
Not Available
  
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol
  
13
Not Available
  
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol
  
16
Not Available
  
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol
  
2
Not Available
  
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol
  
2
Not Available
  
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol
  
3
Not Available
  
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol
  
4
Not Available
  
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol
  
5
Not Available
  
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Not Available
  
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Not Available
  
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr
  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr
  
27
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol
  
34
13.10 cm3/mol
  
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)
  
24
30.00 (-eV)
  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3
  
99+
8.65 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
  
Ductile, Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Diamagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Semiconductor
  
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m
  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω
  
15
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol
  
33
0.00 kJ/mol
  
40
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)
  
8
0.23 J/(kg K)
  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K
  
37
26.02 J/mol·K
  
32
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K
  
99+
96.60 W/m·K
  
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)
  
39
30.80 µm/(m·K)
  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol
  
28
100.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol
  
25
6.19 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol
  
28
113.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K
  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K
  
27