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Scandium vs Cadmium

Scandium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc  
Cd  
Group Number
3  
15
12  
6
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440202  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C  
24
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C  
36
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa  
13
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,200.00 MPa  
13
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.80  
21
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
93.00 %  
3
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sc  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02  
40
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.19  
99+
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV  
99+
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
21  
99+
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21  
99+
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
24  
99+
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
21  
99+
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm  
28
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm  
32
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu  
99+
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)  
25
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm  
99+
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
24
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa  
25
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)  
3
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa  
28
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa  
22
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa  
28
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
18
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99  
99+
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
1,814.00 K  
28
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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