1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
1.6 CAS Number
74402357440304
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- At room temperature Sodium metal is very soft as it can be chopped down into pieces with butter knife.
- The most common compound of Sodium is NaCl (Salt).
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
2.2 Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Humphry Davy
Per Teodor Cleve
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-3 %1 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.004 %~0.00000002 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- In some nuclear reactors sodium is used as a heat exchanger.
- Compound of Sodium metals called Salt (Sodium chloride) is used in Food.
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
-
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
1,970.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
10,000.00 p.p.m.NA
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
97.72 °C1,545.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
883.00 °C1,730.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
0.69 MPa471.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
495.80 kJ/mol596.70 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
4,562.00 kJ/mol1,160.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
6,910.30 kJ/mol2,285.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
9,543.00 kJ/mol4,120.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
13,354.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
16,613.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
20,117.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
25,496.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
28,932.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
141,362.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
159,076.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.86 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
6.3 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
186.00 pm176.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
166.00 pm160.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
6.6 Atomic Weight
22.99 amu168.93 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
23.70 cm3/mol18.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
14.10 (-eV)49.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
429.06 pm353.75 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
0.97 g/cm39.32 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.93 g/cm38.56 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
3.30 GPa30.50 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
6.30 GPa44.50 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
10.00 GPa74.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
47.70 nΩ·m676.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.21 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
52.80 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
1.23 J/(kg K)0.16 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
28.23 J/mol·K27.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
142.00 W/m·K16.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
71.00 µm/(m·K)13.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
89.04 kJ/mol191.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
2.59 kJ/mol16.80 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
108.40 kJ/mol247.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
51.30 J/mol.K74.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1