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Thallium Mercury Comparison


Mercury Thallium comparison


Periodic Table

Symbol
Tl   
Hg   

Group Number
13   
5
12   
6

Period Number
6   
6   

Block
p block   
d block   

Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   

CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7439976   
99+

Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
R_ 3m   

Space Group Number
194.00   
5
166.00   
6

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  

Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Mining, Ores of Minerals   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Ancient Chinese and Indians   

Discovery
In 1861   
Before 2000 BCE   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Not Available   

Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~-9999 %   

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.05 %   
9

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
Not Available   

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  

Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   

Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Dentistry   

Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Highly Toxic   

Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   

In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
23

In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
0.45 p.p.m.   
19

Physical Properties

Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
Not Available   

Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
356.58 °C   
99+

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Liquid   

Color
Silvery White   
Silver   

Luster
NA   
NA   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
Not Available   

Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
Not Available   

Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
1,451.40 m/s   
99+

Optical Properties
  
  

Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.00   
3

Reflectivity
Not Available   
73.00 %   
8

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Tl   
Hg   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
32   
7
34   
5

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
2.00   
7

Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
2.20   
7

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.44   
17

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
1.81   
9

Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.44   
30

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.00   
99+

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol   
4

2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,810.00 kJ/mol   
20

3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
3,300.00 kJ/mol   
20

Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
3.74 g/amp-hr   
10

Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
4.49 eV   
15

Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
81   
35
80   
36

Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2   

Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Rhombohedral (RHO)   

Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
81   
35
80   
36

Number of Neutrons
123   
20
121   
22

Number of Electrons
81   
35
80   
36

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
151.00 pm   
32

Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
132.00 pm   
99+

Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
155.00 pm   
99+

Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
200.59 amu   
32

Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
14.82 cm3/mol   
35

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Mercury
  
Gold
  

Next Element
Lead
  
Thallium
  

Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
28.20 (-eV)   
99+

Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
300.50 pm   
99+

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
NA   

Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
13.53 g/cm3   
24

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Not Available   

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
0.00   
1

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
Not Available   

Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
Not Available   

Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
Not Available   

Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
Not Available   

Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
NA   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
13.53   
16

Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   

Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
961.00 nΩ·m   
1

Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+

Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
0.00 kJ/mol   
40

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.14 J/(kg K)   
38

Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
27.98 J/mol·K   
13

Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
8.30 W/m·K   
99+

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
1,750.00 K   
6

Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
60.40 µm/(m·K)   
5

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
56.90 kJ/mol   
99+

Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
2.29 kJ/mol   
99+

Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
61.50 kJ/mol   
99+

Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
75.80 J/mol.K   
6

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