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Thallium Mercury Comparison

Thallium
Mercury
Mercury Thallium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Hg   
Group Number
13   
5
12   
6
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7439976   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
R_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
166.00   
6
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Ancient Chinese and Indians   
Discovery
In 1861   
Before 2000 BCE   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.05 %   
9
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Dentistry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
23
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
0.45 p.p.m.   
19
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
Not Available   
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
356.58 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Liquid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
1,451.40 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.00   
3
Reflectivity
Not Available   
73.00 %   
8
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Hg   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
2.00   
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
2.20   
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
1.81   
9
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.44   
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.00   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol   
4
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,810.00 kJ/mol   
20
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
3,300.00 kJ/mol   
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
3.74 g/amp-hr   
10
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
4.49 eV   
15
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
80   
36
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
80   
36
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
121   
22
Number of Electrons
81   
35
80   
36
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
132.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
155.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
200.59 amu   
32
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
14.82 cm3/mol   
35
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Gold
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Thallium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
28.20 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
300.50 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
NA   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
13.53 g/cm3   
24
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
0.00   
1
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
13.53   
16
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
961.00 nΩ·m   
1
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.14 J/(kg K)   
38
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
27.98 J/mol·K   
13
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
8.30 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
1,750.00 K   
6
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
60.40 µm/(m·K)   
5
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
56.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
2.29 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
61.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
75.80 J/mol.K   
6
Summary >>
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