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Thallium
Thallium

Cadmium
Cadmium



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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Tl
Cd
1.2 Group Number
1312
Gadolinium
0 17
1.5 Period Number
65
Lithium
2 7
1.8 Block
p block
d block
1.9 Element Family
Post-​Transition
Transition Metal
1.10 CAS Number
74402807440439
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.13 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
1.14 Space Group Number
194.00194.00
Plutonium
11 229
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
3.2 Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
William Crookes
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
3.3.2 Discovery
In 1861
In 1817
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %2 * 10-7 %
Palladium
5E-09 0.11
3.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0000006 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
3.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
3.4.7 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
3.4.9 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
3.4.11 Abundance In Humans
NA0.00 %
Radium
1E-13 1.4
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
5.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Toxic
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
5.2.5 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.1.80 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
7 Physical
7.1 Melting Point
303.50 °C320.90 °C
Francium
27 3410
7.3 Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C765.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
7.6 Appearance
7.6.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
7.6.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery Bluish-Gray
7.6.3 Luster
NA
Metallic
7.7 Hardness
7.7.1 Mohs Hardness
1.202.00
Cesium
0.2 8.5
7.7.3 Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa203.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
7.7.5 Vickers Hardness
NANA
Palladium
121 3430
7.9 Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s2,310.00 m/s
Palladium
818 16200
7.11 Optical Properties
7.11.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
7.11.3 Reflectivity
NA67.00 %
Molybdenum
58 97
7.12 Allotropes
7.12.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.12.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.12.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
Tl
Cd
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
3234
Tennessine
0 38
9.3 Electronegativity
9.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.621.69
Francium
0.7 2.54
9.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
2.251.98
Cesium
0.22 2.56
9.4.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.441.46
Cesium
0.86 1.82
9.4.6 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.961.53
Cesium
0.62 2.48
9.4.8 Allen Electronegativity
1.791.52
Cesium
0.659 2.7
9.5 Electropositivity
9.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.382.31
Gold
1.46 3.3
9.6 Ionization Energies
9.6.1 1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
9.6.2 2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol1,631.40 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
9.7.2 3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol3,616.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
9.8.2 4th Energy Level
NANA
Thorium
2780 37066
9.8.4 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
9.8.5 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
9.8.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
9.8.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
9.8.10 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
9.8.11 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
9.8.12 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
9.8.14 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
9.8.15 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
9.8.17 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
9.8.19 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
9.8.21 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
9.8.23 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
9.8.25 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
9.8.26 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
9.8.28 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
9.8.30 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
9.8.32 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
9.8.33 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
9.8.35 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
9.8.36 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
9.8.38 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
9.8.40 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
9.8.42 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
9.8.44 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
9.8.45 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
9.9 Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
9.10 Electron Work Function
3.84 eV4.22 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
9.11 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
8148
Lithium
3 117
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
10.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
8148
Lithium
3 117
10.4.5 Number of Neutrons
12364
Lithium
4 184
10.6.1 Number of Electrons
8148
Lithium
3 117
11.5 Radius of an Atom
11.5.1 Atomic Radius
170.00 pm151.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
11.5.3 Covalent Radius
145.00 pm144.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
11.5.5 Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm158.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
11.7 Atomic Weight
204.38 amu112.41 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
11.8 Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol13.10 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
11.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.9.1 Previous Element
11.9.2 Next Element
11.10 Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)30.00 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
11.12 Lattice Constant
345.66 pm297.94 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
11.13 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
11.14 Lattice C/A Ratio
1.601.89
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm38.65 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
12.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm38.00 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
12.4 Tensile Strength
NA62.00 MPa
Indium
2.5 11000
12.5 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
12.6 Vapor Pressure
12.6.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)NA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
12.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NANA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
12.8 Elasticity properties
12.8.1 Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa19.00 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
12.10.1 Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa42.00 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
13.1.2 Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa50.00 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
13.2 Poisson Ratio
0.450.30
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
13.3 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
Ductile, Malleable
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.858.65
Lithium
0.53 4500
14.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
14.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
14.2.1 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
14.3 Electrical Properties
14.3.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
14.3.2 Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m72.70 nΩ·m
Palladium
0.18 961
14.4.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
14.5.2 Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K26.02 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
15.4 Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K96.60 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
15.5 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
15.6 Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)30.80 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
15.7 Enthalpy
15.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol100.00 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
15.7.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol6.19 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
15.7.4 Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol113.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
15.9 Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K51.80 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1