Thallium

Cadmium

Thallium vs Cadmium

Thallium

Cadmium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

1312

0 17

1.5 Period Number

2 7

1.8 Block

p block

d block

1.9 Element Family

Post-Transition

Transition Metal

1.10 CAS Number

74402807440439

7429905 54386242

1.13 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

1.14 Space Group Number

194.00194.00

11 229

3 Facts

3.1 Interesting Facts

Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.

Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.

Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.

It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.

It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.

3.2 Sources

Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining

3.3 History

3.3.1 Who Discovered

William Crookes

Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer

3.3.2 Discovery

In 1861

In 1817

3.4 Abundance

3.4.1 Abundance In Universe

5 * 10^-9 %2 * 10^-7 %

5E-09 0.11

3.4.3 Abundance In Sun

~0.0000001 %~0.0000006 %

1E-08 0.1

3.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

3.4.7 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

3.4.9 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

3.4.11 Abundance In Humans

NA0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

5 Uses

5.1 Uses & Benefits

Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.

It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.

5.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

5.1.2 Medical Uses

Medical Research

5.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

5.2 Biological Properties

5.2.1 Toxicity

Highly Toxic

Toxic

5.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

5.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

5.2.5 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.1.80 p.p.m.

0 170000

7 Physical

7.1 Melting Point

303.50 °C320.90 °C

27 3410

7.3 Boiling Point

1,457.00 °C765.00 °C

147 5660

7.6 Appearance

7.6.1 Physical State

Solid

7.6.2 Color

Silvery White

Silvery Bluish-Gray

7.6.3 Luster

Metallic

7.7 Hardness

7.7.1 Mohs Hardness

1.202.00

0.2 8.5

7.7.3 Brinell Hardness

26.50 MPa203.00 MPa

0.14 3490

7.7.5 Vickers Hardness

NANA

121 3430

7.9 Speed of Sound

818.00 m/s2,310.00 m/s

818 16200

7.11 Optical Properties

7.11.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

7.11.3 Reflectivity

NA67.00 %

58 97

7.12 Allotropes

✔ ✘

7.12.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

7.12.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

7.12.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

8 Chemical

8.1 Chemical Formula

8.2 Isotopes

8.2.1 Known Isotopes

3234

0 38

9.3 Electronegativity

9.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.621.69

0.7 2.54

9.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.251.98

0.22 2.56

9.4.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.441.46

0.86 1.82

9.4.6 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.961.53

0.62 2.48

9.4.8 Allen Electronegativity

1.791.52

0.659 2.7

9.5 Electropositivity

9.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.382.31

1.46 3.3

9.6 Ionization Energies

9.6.1 1st Energy Level

589.40 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

9.6.2 2nd Energy Level

1,971.00 kJ/mol1,631.40 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

9.7.2 3rd Energy Level

2,878.00 kJ/mol3,616.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

9.8.2 4th Energy Level

NANA

2780 37066

9.8.4 5th Energy Level

NANA

4305.2 97510

9.8.5 6th Energy Level

NANA

5715.8 105800

9.8.7 7th Energy level

NANA

7226.8 114300

9.8.8 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

9.8.10 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

9.8.11 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

9.8.12 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

9.8.14 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

9.8.15 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

9.8.17 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

9.8.19 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

9.8.21 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

9.8.23 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

9.8.25 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

9.8.26 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

9.8.28 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

9.8.30 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

9.8.32 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

9.8.33 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

9.8.35 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

9.8.36 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

9.8.38 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

9.8.40 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

9.8.42 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

9.8.44 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

9.8.45 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

9.9 Electrochemical Equivalent

7.63 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

9.10 Electron Work Function

3.84 eV4.22 eV

2.14 5.65

9.11 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

10 Atomic

10.1 Atomic Number

8148

3 117

10.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p¹

[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s²

10.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

10.3.1 Crystal Lattice

10.4 Atom

10.4.1 Number of Protons

8148

3 117

10.4.5 Number of Neutrons

12364

4 184

10.6.1 Number of Electrons

8148

3 117

11.5 Radius of an Atom

11.5.1 Atomic Radius

170.00 pm151.00 pm

112 265

11.5.3 Covalent Radius

145.00 pm144.00 pm

96 260

11.5.5 Van der Waals Radius

196.00 pm158.00 pm

139 348

11.7 Atomic Weight

204.38 amu112.41 amu

6.94 294

11.8 Atomic Volume

17.20 cm3/mol13.10 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

11.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

11.9.1 Previous Element

11.9.2 Next Element

11.10 Valence Electron Potential

9.60 (-eV)30.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

11.12 Lattice Constant

345.66 pm297.94 pm

228.58 891.25

11.13 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

11.14 Lattice C/A Ratio

1.601.89

1.567 1.886

12 Mechanical

12.1 Density

12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

11.85 g/cm³8.65 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

12.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

11.22 g/cm38.00 g/cm3

0.512 20

12.4 Tensile Strength

NA62.00 MPa

2.5 11000

12.5 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

12.6 Vapor Pressure

12.6.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

16.90 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

12.7.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NANA

2.62E-10 774

12.8 Elasticity properties

12.8.1 Shear Modulus

2.80 GPa19.00 GPa

1.3 222

12.10.1 Bulk Modulus

43.00 GPa42.00 GPa

1.6 462

13.1.2 Young's Modulus

8.00 GPa50.00 GPa

1.7 528

13.2 Poisson Ratio

0.450.30

0.032 0.47

13.3 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Sectile

Ductile, Malleable

14 Magnetic

14.1 Magnetic Characteristics

14.1.1 Specific Gravity

11.858.65

0.53 4500

14.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

14.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

14.2.1 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

14.3 Electrical Properties

14.3.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

Semiconductor

14.3.2 Resistivity

0.18 nΩ·m72.70 nΩ·m

0.18 961

14.4.1 Electrical Conductivity

0.06 10⁶/cm Ω0.14 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

14.5.2 Electron Affinity

19.20 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol

0 222.8

15 Thermal

15.1 Specific Heat

0.13 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

15.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.32 J/mol·K26.02 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

15.4 Thermal Conductivity

46.10 W/m·K96.60 W/m·K

6.3 429

15.5 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

15.6 Thermal Expansion

29.90 µm/(m·K)30.80 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

15.7 Enthalpy

15.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

162.10 kJ/mol100.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

15.7.3 Enthalpy of Fusion

4.27 kJ/mol6.19 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

15.7.4 Enthalpy of Atomization

179.90 kJ/mol113.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

15.9 Standard Molar Entropy

64.20 J/mol.K51.80 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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