Thallium

Calcium

Thallium vs Calcium

Thallium

Calcium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

132

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

p block

s block

1.5 Element Family

Post-Transition

Alkaline Earth

1.6 CAS Number

74402807440702

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

Fm_ 3m

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00225.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.

Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.

It is found in the compound state.

Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.

2.2 Sources

Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

William Crookes

Humphry Davy

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1861

In 1808

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

5 * 10^-9 %7 * 10^-3 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0000001 %~0.007 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %1.10 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %5.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NA1.40 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.

It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Medical Research

Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Highly Toxic

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-360.50 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.170,000.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

303.50 °C839.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

1,457.00 °C1,484.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery White

Gray

4.3.3 Luster

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

1.201.75

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

26.50 MPa170.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NANA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

818.00 m/s3,810.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

3219

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.621.00

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.250.95

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.441.04

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.961.08

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.791.03

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.383.00

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

589.40 kJ/mol589.80 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,971.00 kJ/mol1,145.40 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,878.00 kJ/mol4,912.40 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

NA6,491.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NA8,153.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NA10,496.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NA12,270.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NA14,206.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NA18,191.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NA20,385.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NA57,110.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NA63,410.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NA70,110.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NA78,890.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NA86,310.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NA94,000.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NA104,900.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NA111,711.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

7.63 g/amp-hr0.75 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

3.84 eV2.87 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

8120

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p¹

[Ar] 4s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

8120

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

12320

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

8120

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

170.00 pm197.00 pm

112 265

1.2.1 Covalent Radius

145.00 pm176.00 pm

96 260

1.3.1 Van der Waals Radius

196.00 pm231.00 pm

139 348

1.4 Atomic Weight

204.38 amu40.08 amu

6.94 294

1.8 Atomic Volume

17.20 cm3/mol29.90 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

1.11 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

1.11.1 Previous Element

1.11.2 Next Element

1.12 Valence Electron Potential

9.60 (-eV)29.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

2.5 Lattice Constant

345.66 pm558.84 pm

228.58 891.25

2.6 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

π/2, π/2, π/2

2.7 Lattice C/A Ratio

1.60NA

1.567 1.886

3 Mechanical

3.1 Density

3.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

11.85 g/cm³1.55 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

3.1.4 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

11.22 g/cm31.38 g/cm3

0.512 20

3.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

3.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

3.4 Vapor Pressure

3.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

16.90 (Pa)25.50 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

4.2.4 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NANA

2.62E-10 774

4.3 Elasticity properties

4.3.1 Shear Modulus

2.80 GPa7.40 GPa

1.3 222

5.1.1 Bulk Modulus

43.00 GPa17.00 GPa

1.6 462

5.2.1 Young's Modulus

8.00 GPa20.00 GPa

1.7 528

5.3 Poisson Ratio

0.450.31

0.032 0.47

5.6 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Sectile

6 Magnetic

6.1 Magnetic Characteristics

6.1.1 Specific Gravity

11.854.58

0.53 4500

6.1.3 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

6.1.4 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

6.1.5 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

6.2 Electrical Properties

6.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

6.2.2 Resistivity

0.18 nΩ·m33.60 nΩ·m

0.18 961

6.3.1 Electrical Conductivity

0.06 10⁶/cm Ω0.30 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

6.4.2 Electron Affinity

19.20 kJ/mol2.37 kJ/mol

0 222.8

8 Thermal

8.1 Specific Heat

0.13 J/(kg K)0.63 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

8.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.32 J/mol·K25.93 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

8.4 Thermal Conductivity

46.10 W/m·K201.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

8.5 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

8.6 Thermal Expansion

29.90 µm/(m·K)22.30 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

8.7 Enthalpy

8.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

162.10 kJ/mol150.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

8.7.3 Enthalpy of Fusion

4.27 kJ/mol8.54 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

8.8.2 Enthalpy of Atomization

179.90 kJ/mol184.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

8.10 Standard Molar Entropy

64.20 J/mol.K41.60 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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