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Thallium vs Fermium

Thallium
Fermium
Fermium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Fm  
Group Number
13  
5
3  
15
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440724  
19
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Fermium metal is highly radioactive in nature.
  • Fermium is synthetically produced metal.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Bombarding Pu-239 with Neutrons  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1952  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Currently known uses of Fermium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
1,527.00 °C  
26
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
-  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
500.00 MPa  
28
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
600.00 MPa  
28
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
2,500.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Fm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
18  
21
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,225.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
2,363.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
3,792.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
39
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,040.00 kJ/mol  
33
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
10
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
38
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
27
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
38
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
28
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
40
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
994.80 kJ/mol  
21
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
345.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
14
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
38
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
40
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
39
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
3.20 g/amp-hr  
15
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
4.47 eV  
21
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
100  
18
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Rn] 5f12 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Not Known  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Fermium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
100  
18
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
157  
8
Number of Electrons
81  
35
100  
18
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
180.00 pm  
23
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
245.00 pm  
13
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
257.00 amu  
15
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
18.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Einsteinium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Mendelevium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
350.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.63  
13
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
0.10 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
50.00 GPa  
24
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
9.70  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
16
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
7.90 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
319.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
13.30 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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