1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Post-Transition
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74402807440542
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
2.2 Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
William Crookes
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0000002 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
303.50 °C1,311.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C3,233.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s2,680.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol1,170.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol1,990.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA4,250.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
5.5.7 7th Energy level
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
1.1.1 21st Energy Level
1.1.2 22nd Energy Level
1.2.1 23rd Energy Level
1.2.2 24th Energy Level
1.3.1 25th Energy Level
1.3.2 26th Energy Level
1.4.1 27th Energy Level
1.4.2 28th Energy Level
1.5.1 29th Energy Level
1.5.2 30th Energy Level
1.7 Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr1.96 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
1.8 Electron Work Function
1.9 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
2 Atomic
2.1 Atomic Number
2.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
2.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
2.3.1 Crystal Lattice
2.4 Atom
2.4.1 Number of Protons
2.5.1 Number of Neutrons
2.5.2 Number of Electrons
2.6 Radius of an Atom
2.6.1 Atomic Radius
170.00 pm180.00 pm
112
265
2.6.2 Covalent Radius
145.00 pm196.00 pm
96
260
2.6.3 Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm237.00 pm
139
348
2.7 Atomic Weight
204.38 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
2.8 Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
2.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
2.9.1 Previous Element
2.9.2 Next Element
2.10 Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)46.10 (-eV)
8
392.42
2.11 Lattice Constant
345.66 pm363.60 pm
228.58
891.25
2.12 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
2.13 Lattice C/A Ratio
3 Mechanical
3.1 Density
3.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm37.90 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
3.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm37.40 g/cm3
0.512
20
3.2 Tensile Strength
3.3 Viscosity
3.4 Vapor Pressure
3.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
3.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
3.5 Elasticity properties
3.5.1 Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa21.80 GPa
1.3
222
3.5.2 Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa37.90 GPa
1.6
462
3.5.3 Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa54.80 GPa
1.7
528
3.6 Poisson Ratio
3.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
Ductile, Malleable
4 Magnetic
4.1 Magnetic Characteristics
4.1.1 Specific Gravity
4.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Ferromagnetic
4.1.3 Permeability
4.1.4 Susceptibility
4.2 Electrical Properties
4.2.1 Electrical Property
4.2.2 Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m1.31 nΩ·m
0.18
961
4.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
4.2.4 Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
5 Thermal
5.1 Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
5.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K37.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
5.3 Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K10.60 W/m·K
6.3
429
5.4 Critical Temperature
5.5 Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)9.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
5.6 Enthalpy
5.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol359.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
5.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol10.05 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
5.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol352.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
5.7 Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K68.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1