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Thallium vs Nickel

Thallium
Nickel
Nickel vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Ni   
Group Number
13   
5
10   
8
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440020   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1751   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
6 * 10-3 %   
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.008 %   
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
1.30 %   
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
13
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3   
17
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
1,453.00 °C   
31
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
2,732.00 °C   
38
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
4.00   
10
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
667.00 MPa   
18
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
638.00 MPa   
16
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
4,900.00 m/s   
12
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
72.00 %   
9
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Ni   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
1.91   
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
1.94   
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.75   
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.88   
6
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.09   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
737.10 kJ/mol   
25
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,753.00 kJ/mol   
25
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
3,395.00 kJ/mol   
17
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,300.00 kJ/mol   
15
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,339.00 kJ/mol   
15
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,670.00 kJ/mol   
14
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
30,970.00 kJ/mol   
7
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,100.00 kJ/mol   
7
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
41,500.00 kJ/mol   
8
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
44,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
48,100.00 kJ/mol   
12
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
55,101.00 kJ/mol   
11
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
58,570.00 kJ/mol   
12
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
148,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
159,000.00 kJ/mol   
3
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
169,400.00 kJ/mol   
3
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
182,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
194,000.00 kJ/mol   
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
5.15 eV   
2
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
28   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
28   
99+
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
31   
99+
Number of Electrons
81   
35
28   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
124.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
124.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
58.69 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
6.59 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
42.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
352.40 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
8.91 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
7.81 g/cm3   
29
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
345.00 MPa   
11
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
0.00 (Pa)   
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
19.50 (Pa)   
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
76.00 GPa   
12
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
200.00 GPa   
11
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
8.90   
33
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
0.00 H/m   
2
Susceptibility
Not Available   
600.00   
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
69.30 nΩ·m   
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.14 106/cm Ω   
13
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
112.00 kJ/mol   
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
26.07 J/mol·K   
31
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
90.90 W/m·K   
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
371.80 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
422.60 kJ/mol   
17
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
29.90 J/mol.K   
99+
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