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Thallium
Thallium

Thorium
Thorium



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Thallium vs Thorium

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Tl
Th
1.2 Group Number
130
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
67
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
p block
f block
1.5 Element Family
Post-​Transition
Actinide
1.6 CAS Number
74402807440326
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00194.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
2.2 Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
William Crookes
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1861
In 1829
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %3 * 10-4 %
Palladium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0004 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.05 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.66 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Medical Research
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
303.50 °C1,750.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C4,790.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silver
4.3.3 Luster
NA
NA
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
1.203.00
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa390.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NA295.00 MPa
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s2,490.00 m/s
Palladium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Tl
Th
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
3228
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.621.30
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25NA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.441.11
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96NA
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
1.79NA
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.382.70
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA2,780.00 kJ/mol
Tin
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
3.84 eV3.41 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
8190
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
8190
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
123142
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
8190
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
170.00 pm179.80 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
145.00 pm206.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm237.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
204.38 amu232.04 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
345.66 pm508.42 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60NA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm311.72 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3NA
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)NA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NA0.00 (Pa)
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa31.00 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa54.00 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa79.00 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.450.27
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
Ductile
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.8511.70
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m
Palladium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/molNA
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1