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Thallium
Thallium

Ytterbium
Ytterbium



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Thallium vs Ytterbium

1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Tl
Yb
1.2 Group Number
13NA
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
66
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
p block
f block
1.5 Element Family
Post-​Transition
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74402807440644
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00225.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  • Ytterbium metal oxidizes rapidly if exposed to air.
  • Ytterbium metal can dissolve quickly in Mineral acid.
2.2 Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
William Crookes
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1861
In 1878
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %2 * 10-7 %
Palladium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~0.0000001 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  • Ytterbium metal is used in memory devices and tuneable laser.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst as the other catalysts are too toxic and polluting.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Highly Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.NA
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
303.50 °C824.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C1,196.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
NA
Metallic
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
1.20NA
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa343.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NA206.00 MPa
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s1,590.00 m/s
Palladium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Tl
Yb
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
3230
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.62NA
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25NA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.441.06
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96NA
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
1.79NA
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.38NA
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol603.40 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol1,174.80 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol2,417.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA4,203.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr2.15 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
3.84 eVNA
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
8170
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
[Xe] 4f14 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
8170
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
123103
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
8170
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
170.00 pm176.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
145.00 pm187.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm242.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
204.38 amu173.05 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol24.79 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)50.30 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
345.66 pm548.47 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60NA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm36.90 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm36.21 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NA58.00 MPa
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)NA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NANA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa9.90 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa30.50 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa23.90 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.450.21
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.856.97
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m0.25 nΩ·m
Palladium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω0.04 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.15 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K26.74 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K38.50 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NA26.30 K
Mercury
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)26.30 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol128.90 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol7.66 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol180.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K59.90 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1