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Thorium Bismuth Comparison

Thorium
Bismuth
Bismuth Thorium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Bi  
Group Number
0  
18
15  
3
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440699  
22
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
C12/m1  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
12.00  
15
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
  • It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Claude François Geoffroy  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1753  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
14
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
0.02 Blood/mg dm-3  
20
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
0.20 p.p.m.  
27
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
271.30 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
1,560.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
2.25  
16
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
35
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
99+
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
1,790.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
2.50  
5
Reflectivity
15.00 %  
36
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th  
Bi  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
33  
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.02  
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
2.34  
3
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.67  
7
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.15  
8
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
2.01  
5
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
1.98  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,610.00 kJ/mol  
34
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,466.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,370.00 kJ/mol  
38
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,520.00 kJ/mol  
29
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
37
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
38
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
36
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
32
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
22
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
28
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
70,300.00 kJ/mol  
23
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
34
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
40
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
12
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,030.00 kJ/mol  
10
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
27
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
28
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
34
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
35
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
29
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
2.60 g/amp-hr  
23
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
99+
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
90  
28
83  
33
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Bismuth.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
83  
33
Number of Neutrons
142  
16
126  
19
Number of Electrons
90  
28
83  
33
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
17
156.00 pm  
31
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
148.00 pm  
38
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
207.00 pm  
33
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
208.98 amu  
29
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
21.30 cm3/mol  
23
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Lead
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Polonium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
24
41.90 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
16
667.40 pm  
2
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.10  
99+
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
34
9.78 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm3  
32
10.05 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
32.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
29
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
25
12.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
23
31.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
32.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.33  
11
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
36
9.79  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
20
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
36
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
1.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
91.20 kJ/mol  
13
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
7.97 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K  
20
544.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
151.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
10.90 kJ/mol  
39
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
207.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
56.70 J/mol.K  
32
Summary >>
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