Symbol
Th
  
Fe
  
Period Number
7
  
4
  
Block
f block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Actinide
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
Im_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
- Iron is not always magnetic in nature, its allotrope are ferromagnetic and the B allotrope is nonmagnetic.
- The blood consists Iron in hemoglobin molecules to transfer Oxygen in the body.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
  
Unknown
  
Discovery
In 1829
  
Before 5000 BC
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1.1 * 10-1 %
  
1
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
- Iron metal alloy steel is used in the application of civil engineering and manufacturing.
- Alloys of iron with nickel, vanadium, chromium, tungsten and manganese have very useful properties.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
  
Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
  
Alloys, Sculptures, Statues
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
33
447.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
3
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
  
29
380.00 p.p.m.
  
5
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
  
17
1,535.00 °C
  
25
Boiling Point
2,750.00 °C
  
37
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silver
  
Gray
  
Luster
NA
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
  
36
5,120.00 m/s
  
8
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
No
  
Yes
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Ferrite (alpha Iron)
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
beta Iron
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
gamma Iron
  
Chemical Formula
Th
  
Fe
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
762.50 kJ/mol
  
17
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,561.90 kJ/mol
  
36
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2,957.00 kJ/mol
  
29
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
5,290.00 kJ/mol
  
16
5th Energy Level
Not Available
  
7,240.00 kJ/mol
  
16
6th Energy Level
Not Available
  
9,560.00 kJ/mol
  
14
7th Energy level
Not Available
  
12,060.00 kJ/mol
  
15
8th Energy Level
Not Available
  
14,580.00 kJ/mol
  
14
9th Energy Level
Not Available
  
22,540.00 kJ/mol
  
5
10th Energy Level
Not Available
  
25,290.00 kJ/mol
  
8
11th Energy Level
Not Available
  
28,000.00 kJ/mol
  
9
12th Energy Level
Not Available
  
31,920.00 kJ/mol
  
9
13th Energy Level
Not Available
  
34,830.00 kJ/mol
  
9
14th Energy Level
Not Available
  
37,840.00 kJ/mol
  
11
15th Energy Level
Not Available
  
44,100.00 kJ/mol
  
11
16th Energy Level
Not Available
  
47,206.00 kJ/mol
  
13
17th Energy Level
Not Available
  
122,200.00 kJ/mol
  
1
18th Energy Level
Not Available
  
131,000.00 kJ/mol
  
2
19th Energy Level
Not Available
  
140,500.00 kJ/mol
  
3
20th Energy Level
Not Available
  
152,600.00 kJ/mol
  
5
21st Energy Level
Not Available
  
163,000.00 kJ/mol
  
5
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
  
173,600.00 kJ/mol
  
4
23rd Energy Level
Not Available
  
188,100.00 kJ/mol
  
4
24th Energy Level
Not Available
  
195,200.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
  
24
0.69 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
  
Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
  
[Ar] 3d6 4s2
  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
  
20
7.10 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
  
23
67.00 (-eV)
  
20
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
  
32
7.87 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
  
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
11,000.00 MPa
  
1
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Ferromagnetic
  
Permeability
Not Available
  
6.3 * 10
-3 H/m
  
1
Susceptibility
Not Available
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
  
31
0.10 106/cm Ω
  
20
Electron Affinity
Not Available
  
15.70 kJ/mol
  
34
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
  
40
0.44 J/(kg K)
  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
  
30
25.10 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
  
28
80.40 W/m·K
  
22
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
  
36
11.80 µm/(m·K)
  
33
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
  
15
351.00 kJ/mol
  
23
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
  
19
14.90 kJ/mol
  
22
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
  
15
414.20 kJ/mol
  
19
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K
  
99+