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Thorium Polonium Comparison

Thorium
Polonium
Polonium Thorium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Po   
Group Number
0   
18
16   
2
Period Number
7   
6   
Block
f block   
p block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440086   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Pm-3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
221.00   
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Discovery
In 1829   
In 1898   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
254.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
962.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-polonium   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-polonium   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Po   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
2.00   
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.76   
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.48   
1
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.19   
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.00   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
84   
32
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Monoclinic (MON)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
84   
32
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
125   
19
Number of Electrons
90   
28
84   
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
168.00 pm   
23
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
140.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
197.00 pm   
29
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
209.00 amu   
28
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
335.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
9.40 g/cm3   
19
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Nonmagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
Not Available   
Summary >>
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