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Thorium vs Polonium

Thorium
Polonium
Polonium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Po  
Group Number
0  
18
16  
2
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
35
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
99+
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
15.00 %  
36
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
99+
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
90  
28
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
142  
16
125  
20
Number of Electrons
90  
28
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
17
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
24
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
16
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.10  
99+
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
34
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm3  
32
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
25
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
23
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
36
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K  
20
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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