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Polonium vs Thorium

Polonium
Thorium
Thorium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po   
Th   
Group Number
16   
2
0   
18
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
p block   
f block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440086   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
221.00   
3
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1898   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
962.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
Yes   
No   
α Allotropes
α-polonium   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
β-polonium   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76   
2
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48   
1
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
2.19   
2
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
Not Available   
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84   
32
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84   
32
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
142   
15
Number of Electrons
84   
32
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm   
23
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm   
99+
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm   
29
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu   
28
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available   
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3   
19
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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