Polonium vs Thorium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Po
Th
Group Number
16
2
0
18
Period Number
6
7
Block
p block
f block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Actinide
CAS Number
7440086
99+
7440326
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
221.00
3
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
In 1898
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.05 %
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
0.66 %
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
36
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C
99+
1,750.00 °C
17
Boiling Point
962.00 °C
99+
4,790.00 °C
8
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silver
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
390.00 MPa
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
295.00 MPa
29
Speed of Sound
Not Available
2,490.00 m/s
36
Optical Properties
Allotropes
Yes
No
α Allotropes
α-polonium
Not Available
β Allotropes
β-polonium
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
28
11
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00
7
1.30
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76
2
1.11
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48
1
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
2.19
2
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00
99+
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol
14
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
Not Available
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr
8
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
Electron Work Function
Not Available
3.41 eV
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84
32
90
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
84
32
90
28
Number of Neutrons
125
19
142
15
Number of Electrons
84
32
90
28
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm
23
179.80 pm
15
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm
99+
206.00 pm
7
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm
29
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu
28
232.04 amu
23
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol
13
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available
59.30 (-eV)
23
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm
99+
508.42 pm
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3
99+
11.72 g/cm3
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3
19
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
22
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
31.00 GPa
21
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
54.00 GPa
22
Young's Modulus
Not Available
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.27
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
11.70
23
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m
99+
157.00 nΩ·m
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K
28
26.23 J/mol·K
30
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K
99+
54.00 W/m·K
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)
16
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol
99+
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol
26
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol
99+
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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