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Polonium vs Thorium

Polonium
Thorium
Thorium vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Th  
Group Number
16  
2
0  
18
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
142  
16
Number of Electrons
84  
32
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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