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Polonium vs Californium


Californium vs Polonium


Periodic Table

Symbol
Po   
Cf   

Group Number
16   
2
Not Available   

Period Number
6   
7   

Block
p block   
f block   

Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Actinide   

CAS Number
7440086   
99+
7440713   
20

Space Group Name
Pm-3m   
P63/mmc   

Space Group Number
221.00   
3
194.00   
5

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  

Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   

Discovery
In 1898   
In 1950   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  

Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Chemical Industry   

Medical Uses
NA   
NA   

Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Nuclear Research   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   

Present in Human Body
No   
No   

In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37

In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
0.00 p.p.m.   
36

Physical Properties

Melting Point
254.00 °C   
99+
900.00 °C   
99+

Boiling Point
962.00 °C   
99+
1,470.00 °C   
99+

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Silver   
Silver   

Luster
NA   
NA   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12

Speed of Sound
Not Available   
Not Available   

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
Yes   
No   

α Allotropes
α-polonium   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
β-polonium   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Po   
Cf   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
29   
10
20   
19

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
1.30   
32

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76   
2
1.20   
27

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48   
1
Not Available   

Allen Electronegativity
2.19   
2
Not Available   

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
2.70   
22

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+

2nd Energy Level
Not Available   
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+

4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+

Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15

Electron Work Function
Not Available   
Not Available   

Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
84   
32
98   
20

Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   

Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   

Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
84   
32
98   
20

Number of Neutrons
125   
19
153   
9

Number of Electrons
84   
32
98   
20

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
168.00 pm   
23
186.00 pm   
9

Covalent Radius
140.00 pm   
99+
Not Available   

Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm   
29
Not Available   

Atomic Weight
209.00 amu   
28
251.00 amu   
17

Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
Not Available   

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Berkelium
  

Next Element
Francium
  

Valence Electron Potential
Not Available   
44.50 (-eV)   
38

Lattice Constant
335.90 pm   
99+
338.00 pm   
99+

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   

Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
15.10 g/cm3   
21

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3   
19
Not Available   

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Elasticity properties
  
  

Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   

Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Malleable, Sectile   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
15.10   
13

Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic   
Paramagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Conductor   
Unknown   

Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Not Available   

Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Not Available   

Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Not Available   

Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
Not Available   

Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
Not Available   

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
Not Available   

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   

Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
Not Available   

Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   

Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
Not Available   

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