Symbol
Po
  
Cf
  
Group Number
Not Available
  
Period Number
6
  
7
  
Block
p block
  
f block
  
Element Family
Post-Transition
  
Actinide
  
Space Group Name
Pm-3m
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
- Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
- Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
  
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
  
Discovery
In 1898
  
In 1950
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
- Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
-
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
  
Chemical Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys, Nuclear Research
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
  
Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
No
  
No
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
36
0.00 p.p.m.
  
36
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silver
  
Silver
  
Luster
NA
  
NA
  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
Yes
  
No
  
α Allotropes
α-polonium
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
β-polonium
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Po
  
Cf
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol
  
14
608.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
Not Available
  
1,206.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
  
2,267.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
  
3,599.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr
  
8
3.12 g/amp-hr
  
15
Electron Work Function
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
  
[Rn] 5f10 7s2
  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100
  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Covalent Radius
Not Available
  
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
  
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol
  
13
Not Available
  
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available
  
44.50 (-eV)
  
38
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3
  
99+
15.10 g/cm3
  
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
  
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
  
Malleable, Sectile
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Unknown
  
Resistivity
Not Available
  
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 10
6/cm Ω
  
99+
Not Available
  
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol
  
3
Not Available
  
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
  
40
Not Available
  
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K
  
28
Not Available
  
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K
  
99+
Not Available
  
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)
  
16
Not Available
  
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol
  
99+
Not Available
  
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol
  
26
Not Available
  
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Not Available
  
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
  
Not Available