Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
Al
Group Number
013
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
73
2
7
👆🏻
Block
f block
p block
Element Family
Actinide
Post-Transition
CAS Number
74403267429905
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00225.00
11
229
👆🏻
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.
- Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.
- It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Hans Christian Oersted
Discovery
In 1829
In 1825
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.01 %
5E-09
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.01 %
1E-08
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %0.91 %
1.7E-07
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %8.10 %
9.9E-12
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
2E-23
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
NA0.00 %
1E-13
1.4
👆🏻
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.39 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.27.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C660.37 °C
27
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C2,467.00 °C
147
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.002.75
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa160.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa160.00 MPa
121
3430
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s5,000.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
NANA
1.000933
1.7229
👆🏻
Reflectivity
NA71.00 %
58
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th
Al
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2811
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.301.61
0.7
2.54
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
NA1.71
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.111.47
0.86
1.82
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NA1.83
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
NA1.61
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.702.39
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol1,816.70 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol2,744.80 kJ/mol
1600
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol11,577.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
NA14,842.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
NA18,379.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
NA23,326.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
NA27,465.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
NA31,853.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
NA38,473.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
NA42,647.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
NANA
22219
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
NANA
26930
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
NANA
29196
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
NANA
41987
97510
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
NANA
47206
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
NANA
52737
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
NANA
58570
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
NANA
64702
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
NANA
80400
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
NANA
87000
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
NANA
93400
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
NANA
98420
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
NANA
104400
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
NANA
121900
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
NANA
127700
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
NANA
133800
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
NANA
139800
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
NANA
148100
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
NANA
154500
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr0.34 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV4.28 eV
2.14
5.65
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic
Atomic Number
9013
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Ne] 3s2 3p1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
9013
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
14214
4
184
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
9013
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm143.00 pm
112
265
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm121.00 pm
96
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm184.00 pm
139
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu26.98 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol10.00 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)80.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm404.95 pm
228.58
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
1.567
1.886
👆🏻
Mechanical
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm32.70 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
NA2.38 g/cm3
0.512
20
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
NA40.00 MPa
2.5
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
NANA
0.001526
0.001526
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)NA
2.62E-10
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa26.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa76.00 GPa
1.6
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa70.00 GPa
1.7
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.270.35
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.702.72
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
NA0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
NA0.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m28.20 nΩ·m
0.18
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.38 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
NA42.50 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.90 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K24.20 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K237.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
NANA
26.3
3223
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)23.10 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol293.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol10.67 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol322.20 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K28.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻