Thorium

Aluminium

Thorium vs Aluminium

Thorium

Aluminium

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Periodic Table

Symbol

Group Number

013

0 17

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Period Number

2 7

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Block

f block

p block

Element Family

Actinide

Post-Transition

CAS Number

74403267429905

7429905 54386242

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Space Group Name

P63/mmc

Fm_ 3m

Space Group Number

194.00225.00

11 276

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Facts

Interesting Facts

Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.

Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.

Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.

It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.

Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining

By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining

History

Who Discovered

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

Hans Christian Oersted

Discovery

In 1829

In 1825

Abundance

Abundance In Universe

0.00 %0.01 %

0 0.11

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Abundance In Sun

0.00 %0.01 %

0 0.1

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Abundance In Meteorites

0.05 %0.91 %

0 22

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Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.66 %8.10 %

1E-37 8.1

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Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

0 1.1

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Abundance In Humans

0.00 %0.00 %

0 1.4

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Uses

Uses & Benefits

Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.

Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.

Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Medical Uses

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

Other Uses

Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

Biological Properties

Toxicity

Non Toxic

Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.39 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

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In Bone

0.02 p.p.m.27.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

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Physical

Melting Point

1,750.00 °C660.37 °C

-38.83 3410

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Boiling Point

4,790.00 °C2,467.00 °C

0 5660

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Appearance

Physical State

Solid

Color

Silver

Silvery Gray

Luster

Metallic

Hardness

Mohs Hardness

3.002.75

0.2 8.5

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Brinell Hardness

390.00 MPa160.00 MPa

0.14 3490

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Vickers Hardness

295.00 MPa160.00 MPa

0 3920

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Speed of Sound

2,490.00 m/s5,000.00 m/s

818 16200

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Optical Properties

Refractive Index

1.601.61

0.155 3.41

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Reflectivity

15.00 %71.00 %

5 97

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Allotropes

✔ ✘

α Allotropes

β Allotropes

γ Allotropes

Chemical

Chemical Formula

Isotopes

Known Isotopes

2811

0 38

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Electronegativity

Pauling Electronegativity

1.301.61

0 2.6

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Sanderson Electronegativity

1.301.71

0.22 2.56

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Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.111.47

0.86 1.9

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Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.301.83

0.62 2.48

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Allen Electronegativity

1.301.61

0.659 2.7

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Electropositivity

Pauling Electropositivity

2.702.39

1.46 3.3

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Ionization Energies

1st Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

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2nd Energy Level

1,110.00 kJ/mol1,816.70 kJ/mol

392.8 28750

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3rd Energy Level

1,978.00 kJ/mol2,744.80 kJ/mol

392.8 34230

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4th Energy Level

2,780.00 kJ/mol11,577.00 kJ/mol

375.7 37066

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5th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol14,842.00 kJ/mol

392 97510

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6th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol18,379.00 kJ/mol

1007 105800

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7th Energy level

5,870.00 kJ/mol23,326.00 kJ/mol

1007 114300

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8th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol27,465.00 kJ/mol

730 125300

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9th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol31,853.00 kJ/mol

1007 134700

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10th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol38,473.00 kJ/mol

392 144300

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11th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol42,647.00 kJ/mol

392 169988

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12th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol5,770.00 kJ/mol

0 189368

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13th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol5,770.00 kJ/mol

1007 76015

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14th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol

380 86450

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15th Energy Level

58,700.00 kJ/mol57,700.00 kJ/mol

33000 100700

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16th Energy Level

58,700.00 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol

375.7 109480

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17th Energy Level

587.40 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol

375.7 122200

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18th Energy Level

5,870.00 kJ/mol5,775.00 kJ/mol

0 134810

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19th Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol

375.7 148700

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20th Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol577.00 kJ/mol

0 171200

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21st Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol

375.7 179100

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22nd Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol577.00 kJ/mol

330 184900

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23rd Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol

357.6 198800

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24th Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol

297.3 195200

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25th Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol

0 121900

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26th Energy Level

587.40 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol

357.6 127700

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27th Energy Level

587.40 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol

0 133800

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28th Energy Level

587.40 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol

297.3 139800

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29th Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol

0 148100

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30th Energy Level

587.40 kJ/mol577.50 kJ/mol

0 154500

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Electrochemical Equivalent

2.16 g/amp-hr0.34 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

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Electron Work Function

3.41 eV4.28 eV

2.14 6

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Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

Atomic

Atomic Number

9013

3 117

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Electron Configuration

[Rn] 6d² 7s²

[Ne] 3s² 3p¹

Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Crystal Lattice

Atom

Number of Protons

9013

3 117

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Number of Neutrons

14214

4 285

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Number of Electrons

9013

3 117

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Radius of an Atom

Atomic Radius

179.80 pm143.00 pm

0 348

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Covalent Radius

206.00 pm121.00 pm

0 260

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Van der Waals Radius

237.00 pm184.00 pm

0 348

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Atomic Weight

232.04 amu26.98 amu

6.94 294

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Atomic Volume

19.90 cm3/mol10.00 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

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Adjacent Atomic Numbers

Previous Element

Next Element

Valence Electron Potential

59.30 (-eV)80.70 (-eV)

0 392.42

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Lattice Constant

508.42 pm404.95 pm

0 891.25

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Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

Lattice C/A Ratio

1.101.58

0.423 1.9

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Mechanical

Density

Density At Room Temperature

11.72 g/cm³2.70 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

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Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

11.72 g/cm32.38 g/cm3

0.512 41

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Tensile Strength

75.00 MPa40.00 MPa

0.1 11000

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Viscosity

0.000.00

1.5E-05 0.0035

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Vapor Pressure

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

0 121

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Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

0 774

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Elasticity properties

Shear Modulus

31.00 GPa26.00 GPa

1.3 222

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Bulk Modulus

54.00 GPa76.00 GPa

0 462

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Young's Modulus

79.00 GPa70.00 GPa

0 528

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Poisson Ratio

0.270.35

0.032 0.47

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Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

Ductile, Malleable

Magnetic

Magnetic Characteristics

Specific Gravity

11.702.72

0.53 4500

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Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Permeability

0.00 H/m0.00 H/m

1.25643E-06 0.0063

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Susceptibility

0.000.00

-0.000166 200000

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Electrical Properties

Electrical Property

Superconductor

Conductor

Resistivity

157.00 nΩ·m28.20 nΩ·m

0.1 961

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Electrical Conductivity

0.07 10⁶/cm Ω0.38 10⁶/cm Ω

0 0.63

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Electron Affinity

0.00 kJ/mol42.50 kJ/mol

0 222.8

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Thermal

Specific Heat

0.12 J/(kg K)0.90 J/(kg K)

0.1 3.6

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Molar Heat Capacity

26.23 J/mol·K24.20 J/mol·K

13.1 62.7

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Thermal Conductivity

54.00 W/m·K237.00 W/m·K

0 429

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Critical Temperature

2,023.00 K933.00 K

26.3 3695

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Thermal Expansion

11.00 µm/(m·K)23.10 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

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Enthalpy

Enthalpy of Vaporization

429.00 kJ/mol293.70 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

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Enthalpy of Fusion

15.48 kJ/mol10.67 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

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Enthalpy of Atomization

468.60 kJ/mol322.20 kJ/mol

61.5 837

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Standard Molar Entropy

27.30 J/mol.K28.30 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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