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Thorium vs Mercury

Thorium
Mercury
Mercury vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Hg   
Group Number
0   
18
12   
6
Period Number
7   
6   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7439976   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
R_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
166.00   
6
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Ancient Chinese and Indians   
Discovery
In 1829   
Before 2000 BCE   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
0.05 %   
9
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Dentistry   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
23
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
0.45 p.p.m.   
19
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
Not Available   
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
356.58 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Liquid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
1,451.40 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.00   
3
Reflectivity
Not Available   
73.00 %   
8
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Hg   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
2.00   
7
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.20   
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.81   
9
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.44   
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.00   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,007.10 kJ/mol   
4
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,810.00 kJ/mol   
20
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,300.00 kJ/mol   
20
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
3.74 g/amp-hr   
10
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
4.49 eV   
15
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
80   
36
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
80   
36
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
121   
22
Number of Electrons
90   
28
80   
36
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
132.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
155.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
200.59 amu   
32
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
14.82 cm3/mol   
35
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Gold
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Thallium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
28.20 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
300.50 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
NA   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
13.53 g/cm3   
24
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
0.00   
1
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
13.53   
16
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
961.00 nΩ·m   
1
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.14 J/(kg K)   
38
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
27.98 J/mol·K   
13
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
8.30 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
1,750.00 K   
6
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
60.40 µm/(m·K)   
5
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
56.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
2.29 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
61.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
75.80 J/mol.K   
6
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