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Mercury vs Thorium

Mercury
Thorium
Thorium vs Mercury


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hg   
Th   
Group Number
12   
6
0   
18
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7439976   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
R_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
166.00   
6
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Ancient Chinese and Indians   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
Before 2000 BCE   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.05 %   
9
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
23
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
0.45 p.p.m.   
19
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
Not Available   
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
356.58 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Liquid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
1,451.40 m/s   
99+
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00   
3
Not Available   
Reflectivity
73.00 %   
8
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hg   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34   
5
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20   
7
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.81   
9
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.44   
30
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol   
4
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,810.00 kJ/mol   
20
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol   
20
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.74 g/amp-hr   
10
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
4.49 eV   
15
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
80   
36
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
80   
36
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
121   
22
142   
15
Number of Electrons
80   
36
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm   
99+
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
155.00 pm   
99+
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
200.59 amu   
32
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
14.82 cm3/mol   
35
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gold
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Thallium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
28.20 (-eV)   
99+
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
300.50 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
NA   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.53 g/cm3   
24
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
0.00   
1
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.53   
16
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
961.00 nΩ·m   
1
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)   
38
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
27.98 J/mol·K   
13
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
8.30 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
1,750.00 K   
6
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
60.40 µm/(m·K)   
5
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
56.90 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.29 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
61.50 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
75.80 J/mol.K   
6
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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