Mercury vs Cobalt
Periodic Table
Symbol
Hg
Co
Group Number
12
6
9
9
Period Number
6
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7439976
99+
7440484
38
Space Group Name
R_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
166.00
6
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
- A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
- Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
Sources
Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Ancient Chinese and Indians
Georg Brandt
Discovery
Before 2000 BCE
In 1732
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.06 %
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.05 %
9
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
20
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
- It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
- Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
23
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3
18
In Bone
0.45 p.p.m.
19
0.04 p.p.m.
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
Not Available
1,495.00 °C
29
Boiling Point
356.58 °C
99+
2,870.00 °C
34
Appearance
Physical State
Liquid
Solid
Color
Silver
Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
5.00
8
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
470.00 MPa
26
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
1,043.00 MPa
11
Speed of Sound
1,451.40 m/s
99+
4,720.00 m/s
14
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.00
3
Not Available
Reflectivity
73.00 %
8
67.00 %
11
Allotropes
No
Yes
α Allotropes
Not Available
α-Cobalt
β Allotropes
Not Available
β-Cobalt
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hg
Co
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
34
5
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00
7
1.88
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20
7
2.56
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44
17
1.70
5
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.81
9
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.44
30
1.84
10
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00
99+
2.12
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol
4
760.40 kJ/mol
19
2nd Energy Level
1,810.00 kJ/mol
20
1,648.00 kJ/mol
31
3rd Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol
20
3,232.00 kJ/mol
22
4th Energy Level
Not Available
4,950.00 kJ/mol
19
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,670.00 kJ/mol
12
6th Energy Level
Not Available
9,840.00 kJ/mol
12
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,440.00 kJ/mol
11
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,230.00 kJ/mol
12
9th Energy Level
Not Available
17,959.00 kJ/mol
13
10th Energy Level
Not Available
26,570.00 kJ/mol
7
11th Energy Level
Not Available
29,400.00 kJ/mol
8
12th Energy Level
Not Available
32,400.00 kJ/mol
8
13th Energy Level
Not Available
36,600.00 kJ/mol
8
14th Energy Level
Not Available
39,700.00 kJ/mol
9
15th Energy Level
Not Available
42,800.00 kJ/mol
12
16th Energy Level
Not Available
49,396.00 kJ/mol
11
17th Energy Level
Not Available
52,737.00 kJ/mol
13
18th Energy Level
Not Available
134,810.00 kJ/mol
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available
145,170.00 kJ/mol
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available
154,700.00 kJ/mol
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available
167,400.00 kJ/mol
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
178,100.00 kJ/mol
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available
189,300.00 kJ/mol
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.74 g/amp-hr
10
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.49 eV
15
5.00 eV
5
Other Chemical Properties
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
80
36
22
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
80
36
22
99+
Number of Neutrons
121
22
26
99+
Number of Electrons
80
36
22
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm
32
147.00 pm
34
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm
99+
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
155.00 pm
99+
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
200.59 amu
32
47.87 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
14.82 cm3/mol
35
10.64 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
28.20 (-eV)
99+
95.20 (-eV)
10
Lattice Constant
300.50 pm
99+
295.08 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
NA
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
13.53 g/cm3
24
4.51 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
4.11 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
434.00 MPa
9
Viscosity
0.00
1
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.98 (Pa)
14
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
44.00 GPa
17
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
Not Available
116.00 GPa
18
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.32
12
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
13.53
16
4,500.00
1
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
961.00 nΩ·m
1
420.00 nΩ·m
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
7.60 kJ/mol
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)
38
0.52 J/(kg K)
9
Molar Heat Capacity
27.98 J/mol·K
13
25.06 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
8.30 W/m·K
99+
21.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
1,750.00 K
6
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
60.40 µm/(m·K)
5
8.60 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
56.90 kJ/mol
99+
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.29 kJ/mol
99+
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
61.50 kJ/mol
99+
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
75.80 J/mol.K
6
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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