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Mercury vs Californium

Mercury
Californium
Californium vs Mercury


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hg  
Cf  
Group Number
12  
6
3  
15
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7439976  
99+
7440713  
20
Space Group Name
R_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Ancient Chinese and Indians  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
Before 2000 BCE  
In 1950  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.09 %  
2
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.05 %  
9
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
23
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.45 p.p.m.  
23
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
-38.83 °C  
99+
900.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
356.58 °C  
99+
1,470.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Liquid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
5.00 MPa  
99+
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
0.00 MPa  
99+
1,800.00 MPa  
7
Speed of Sound
1,451.40 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00  
99+
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
73.00 %  
10
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hg  
Cf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.81  
17
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.44  
34
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
4
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,810.00 kJ/mol  
21
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
20
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
99+
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
13th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
15th Energy Level
100,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
16th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
17th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
24
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
20
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
11
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
33
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
22nd Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
8
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
23rd Energy Level
1,007.00 kJ/mol  
36
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
24th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
2
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
5
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
6
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol  
3
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.74 g/amp-hr  
10
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
Electron Work Function
4.49 eV  
20
4.70 eV  
15
Other Chemical Properties
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
80  
36
98  
20
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2  
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Mercury.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
80  
36
98  
20
Number of Neutrons
121  
23
153  
10
Number of Electrons
80  
36
98  
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
132.00 pm  
99+
186.00 pm  
21
Van der Waals Radius
155.00 pm  
99+
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
200.59 amu  
32
251.00 amu  
17
Atomic Volume
14.82 cm3/mol  
99+
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gold
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Thallium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
28.20 (-eV)  
99+
44.50 (-eV)  
39
Lattice Constant
300.50 pm  
99+
338.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
0.42  
99+
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.53 g/cm3  
25
15.10 g/cm3  
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.55 g/cm3  
27
15.10 g/cm3  
22
Tensile Strength
15.00 MPa  
99+
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
4
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
29.00 GPa  
29
Bulk Modulus
25.00 GPa  
99+
40.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
45.00 GPa  
99+
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.53  
27
15.10  
24
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
20
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
961.00 nΩ·m  
1
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
39
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
27.98 J/mol·K  
16
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
Thermal Conductivity
8.30 W/m·K  
99+
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,750.00 K  
33
900.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
60.40 µm/(m·K)  
5
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
56.90 kJ/mol  
99+
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.29 kJ/mol  
99+
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
Enthalpy of Atomization
61.50 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
75.80 J/mol.K  
6
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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