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Thorium vs Promethium

Thorium
Promethium
Promethium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Pm   
Group Number
0   
18
Not Available   
Period Number
7   
6   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440122   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Discovery
In 1829   
In 1942   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
1,042.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
3,000.00 °C   
31
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Unknown   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Pm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
27   
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.07   
32
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
61   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
61   
99+
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
84   
40
Number of Electrons
90   
28
61   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
183.00 pm   
10
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
199.00 pm   
12
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
236.00 pm   
16
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
145.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
44.10 (-eV)   
39
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Unknown   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
18.00 GPa   
36
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
33.00 GPa   
36
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
46.00 GPa   
38
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
0.28   
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
7.26   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
Not Available   
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