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Thorium vs Promethium

Thorium
Promethium
Promethium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Pm  
Group Number
0  
18
3  
15
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440122  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1942  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
1,042.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
3,000.00 °C  
32
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
-  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
-  
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
35
400.00 MPa  
34
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
99+
600.00 MPa  
28
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
1.70  
27
Reflectivity
15.00 %  
36
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th  
Pm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
27  
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.13  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.13  
36
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.07  
33
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.13  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.13  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
99+
5.30 eV  
5
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
90  
28
61  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
61  
99+
Number of Neutrons
142  
16
84  
99+
Number of Electrons
90  
28
61  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
17
183.00 pm  
12
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
199.00 pm  
12
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
236.00 pm  
20
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
145.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
24
44.10 (-eV)  
40
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
16
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.10  
99+
1.63  
14
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
34
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm3  
32
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
31
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
25
18.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
23
33.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.28  
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
36
7.26  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
25
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K  
20
1,315.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
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