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Promethium vs Thorium

Promethium
Thorium
Thorium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm   
Th   
Group Number
Not Available   
0   
18
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440122   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
Not Available   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
Not Available   
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1942   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
NA   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
Not Available   
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C   
31
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Unknown   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pm   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27   
12
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.11   
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available   
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
61   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
84   
40
142   
15
Number of Electrons
61   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm   
10
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm   
12
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm   
16
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)   
39
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
Not Available   
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
Unknown   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa   
36
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa   
36
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa   
38
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
17
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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