Promethium Thorium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm
Th
Group Number
Not Available
0
18
Period Number
6
7
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Actinide
CAS Number
7440122
99+
7440326
99+
Space Group Name
Not Available
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
Not Available
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
- Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
In 1942
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.05 %
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
0.66 %
7
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
- Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
NA
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
In Bone
Not Available
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C
99+
1,750.00 °C
17
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C
31
4,790.00 °C
8
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Unknown
Silver
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
390.00 MPa
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
295.00 MPa
29
Speed of Sound
Not Available
2,490.00 m/s
36
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pm
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
27
12
28
11
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available
1.30
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07
32
1.11
29
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol
99+
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol
38
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr
36
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
Electron Work Function
Not Available
3.41 eV
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
61
99+
90
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
61
99+
90
28
Number of Neutrons
84
40
142
15
Number of Electrons
61
99+
90
28
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm
10
179.80 pm
15
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm
12
206.00 pm
7
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm
16
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu
99+
232.04 amu
23
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol
12
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)
39
59.30 (-eV)
23
Lattice Constant
Not Available
508.42 pm
14
Lattice Angles
Unknown
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3
99+
11.72 g/cm3
32
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
22
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa
36
31.00 GPa
21
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa
36
54.00 GPa
22
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa
38
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.28
17
0.27
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.26
99+
11.70
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m
99+
157.00 nΩ·m
22
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)
33
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available
26.23 J/mol·K
30
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K
99+
54.00 W/m·K
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol
99+
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol
34
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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