Thorium vs Samarium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
Sm
Group Number
0
18
Not Available
Period Number
7
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Actinide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7440199
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
R_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
166.00
6
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Samarium metals helps stimulating body metabolism.
- Samarium metals was 1st observed by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Dydimia in 1853.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Discovery
In 1829
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
5 * 10-7 %
19
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
0.00 %
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
0.00 %
29
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
40
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Magnets of Samarium cobalt alloy are stronger than that of Iron and hence, they are used in microwave application.
- Samarium metal also used in optical lasers and infrared absorbing glasses and as a neutron absorber.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Slightly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
1,072.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
1,900.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
NA
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
441.00 MPa
27
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
412.00 MPa
24
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
2,130.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
Sm
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
30
9
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.17
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.07
32
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.83
14
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
544.50 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,070.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,260.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,990.00 kJ/mol
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
1.87 g/amp-hr
34
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
2.70 eV
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
62
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Xe] 4f6 6s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Samarium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
62
99+
Number of Neutrons
142
15
88
39
Number of Electrons
90
28
62
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
180.00 pm
14
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
198.00 pm
13
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
229.00 pm
20
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
150.36 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
19.95 cm3/mol
19
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
44.80 (-eV)
37
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
362.10 pm
33
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
7.52 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
7.16 g/cm3
32
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.94 (Pa)
9
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
19.50 GPa
34
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
37.80 GPa
35
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
49.70 GPa
37
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
0.27
19
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
7.52
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
0.94 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.20 J/(kg K)
31
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
29.54 J/mol·K
7
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
13.30 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
12.70 µm/(m·K)
30
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
166.40 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
8.62 kJ/mol
40
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
209.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
69.60 J/mol.K
15
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